As has been demonstrated in recent years, the heterogeneities of coeval magmas can be more successfully revealed by zoned megacrysts rather than by analysis of the whole rocks hosting them. Here, the geochemical heterogeneities of feldspar megacrysts from the Karkonosze granite, Poland, are investigated by LA-ICP-MS. The crystals are the product of migration and growth in regions of poorly mixed magmas. 3D-modeling of the Ba, Sr, and Rb distributions emphasizes the importance of micro-domain growth morphologies. Two models of element behavior-a relative concentration model and a composition gradient model-provide a potentially effective tool for tracking the mixing process on a microscale. Measured concentrations of elements of different mobilities do not agree with what might be expected from the mixing of two end-member magmas. If mixing was the only process occurring, linear correlations between the concentrations of any two elements should be observed; this, however, is not the case. For combinations of any two of the three elements, modeling reveals differing non-linear correlations between concentrations. The megacryst heterogeneities provide an insight into how mixing magmas are chaotically advected to growing crystals and the degree of inter-magma element exchange between the magmas.
Mastella L., Konon A., Dwornik M., Ludwiniak M., Rybak-Ostrowska B. and Śmigielski M. (2013) Tec ton ics of the Chęciny Anticline (Holy Cross Mts., cen tral Po land) in the light of new car to graphic data and cal cite vein anal y sis (dis cus sion). Geolog i cal Quar terly, 57 (1): 175-180, doi: 10.7306/gq.1070 Jurewicz and Stępień (2012) dis cussed the geo met ric recon struc tion of the Chęciny Anticline based on new map data. The two, newly found ex po sures of Cam brian rocks, not reported pre vi ously from the south ern limb of the fold, and fracture anal y sis based on data from Rzepka Quarry, en abled these au thors to pro pose dif fer ent in ter pre ta tions of struc tures mapped ear lier by Czarnocki (1938, 1948), Filonowicz (1967 and Hakenberg (1973). More over, Jurewicz and Stępień (2012) pro vided new in ter pre ta tions of the evo lu tion of the Chęciny Anticline, on as so ci ated trans verse faults and extensional fractures, as well as pro vid ing an es ti mate of the strain ra tio in the Kielce fold zone.Sev eral of their in ter pre ta tions are chal lenged in this dis cussion. Par tic u larly, we con sider that some of their ar gu ments, i.e. con cern ing the pres ence of Cam brian rocks at the lo ca tions shown by the au thors and re gard ing the ge om e try and for mation of folds, com po nents of move ment across the fault planes, their model of de vel op ment of the extensional frac tures, the tim ing of the struc ture's for ma tion, as well as their ter mi nol ogy are mis lead ing and are in need of amend ment.Jurewicz and Stępień (2012) de scribed "two new Cam brian out crops" lo cated near Chęciny: one lo cated to the west, and the sec ond to the east of Rzepka Hill. We have con ducted geolog i cal map ping in both ar eas. At the first lo ca tion, be low a thin clay layer with frag ments of quartzitic sand stone of prob a ble Cam brian age, we have found red ferruginous and si li ceous quartz sand stones rep re sent ing the Buntsandstein fa cies re ferable to the Lower Tri as sic, as well as Mid dle De vo nian dolomites (Fig. 1). At the sec ond lo ca tion, no frag ments of quartzitic sand stones that could be as signed to the Cam brian have been found. Only regolith was found there, with frag ments of white and yel low quartz sand stone, poorly ce mented and free of iron ox ides. The sand stone most prob a bly be longs to the Lower Tri as sic Buntsandstein fa cies.Based on data from those two out crops, Jurewicz and Stępień (2012) dis cussed the ge om e try of the fold pro file of the Chęciny Anticline in the Holy Cross Moun tains fold belt. They con sid ered that it formed due to diapiric-like move ments, with a lo cal de tach ment formed at the bound ary of com pe tent and incom pe tent rocks, and they have mis in ter preted Konon (2006) in sup port of their in ter pre ta tion. Konon (2006) merely sug gested that de tach ment ho ri zons played a sig nif i cant role in the de forma tion, al though not dur ing the "Al pine oro gen esis" as in dicated by Jurewicz and Stępień, but dur i...
In the present study we have evaluated the effect of a single hemodialysis session on the brain-derived neurotrophic factor levels in plasma [BDNF](pl) and in serum [BDNF](s) as well as on the plasma isoprostanes concentration [F(2) isoprostanes](pl), plasma total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and plasma cortisol levels in chronic kidney disease patients. Twenty male patients (age 69.8 ± 2.9 years (mean ± SE)) with end-stage renal disease undergoing maintenance hemodialysis on regular dialysis treatment for 15-71 months participated in this study. A single hemodialysis session, lasting 4.2 ± 0.1 h, resulted in a decrease (P = 0.014) in [BDNF](s) by ~42 % (2,574 ± 322 vs. 1,492 ± 327 pg ml(-1)). This was accompanied by an increase (P< 10(-4)) of [F(2)-Isoprostanes](pl) (38 ± 3 vs. 116 ± 16 pg ml(-1)), decrease (P < 10(-4)) in TAC (1,483 ± 41 vs. 983 ± 35 trolox equivalents, μmol l(-1)) and a decrease (P = 0.004) in plasma cortisol level (449.5 ± 101.2 vs. 315.3 ± 196.3 nmol l(-1)). No changes (P > 0.05) in [BDNF](pl) and the platelets count were observed after a single dialysis session. Furthermore, basal [BDNF](s) in the chronic kidney disease patients was significantly lower (P = 0.03) when compared to the age-matched control group (n = 23). We have concluded that the observed decrease in serum BDNF level after hemodialysis accompanied by elevated [F(2)-Isoprostanes](pl) and decreased plasma TAC might be caused by enhanced oxidative stress induced by hemodialysis.
Seis mic data and core from the shal low car to graphic Pilzno P-7 bore hole were used to con struct a new model of the Carpathian orogenic front be tween Tarnów and Pilzno, in the Pogórska Wola area (south ern Po land). The most ex ter nal, fron tal thrust of the orogenic wedge (the Jaoeniny struc ture) was iden ti fied as a syn-depositional fault-prop a ga tion fold detached above the Up per Badenian evaporites. Its for ma tion was con trolled by the pres ence of me chan i cally weak foredeep evaporites and by the mor phol ogy of the sub-Mio cene Meso-Pa leo zoic fore land plate (Jaoeniny and Pogórska Wola palaeovalleys). The fron tal zone of the Carpathian orogenic wedge (the Skole thrust sheet and the de formed foredeep depos its of the Zg³obice thrust sheet) is char ac ter ized by sig nif i cant backthrusting of the foredeep suc ces sion to wards the south, and by the pres ence of a tri an gle zone, with strongly de formed Up per Badenian evaporites of the Wieliczka For ma tion in its core. The tri an gle zone was formed dur ing the lat est thrust ing move ments of the Carpathians. An in di ca tion of the ex istence of the tri an gle zone in the vi cin ity of Dêbica has also been pro vided by re in ter pre ta tion of the ar chive re gional geo log ical cross-sec tion. The youn gest foredeep de pos its, brought to the sur face above the backthrust, have been dated as Sarmatian (NN7 nannoplankton zone), which in di cates that the lat est thrust move ments within the fron tal Carpathian orogenic in the vi cin ity of Tarnów-Dêbica took place approx. 11-10 mil lion years ago. Thermochronological stud ies (AFT and AHe) in di cated that the foredeep suc ces sion drilled by the Pilzno P-7 bore hole has not been bur ied deeper than 1.5-2 km, which is com pat i ble with re con struc tion based on the seis mic data.
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