Occurrence of Chlorate and Perchlorate in Bottled Beverages in Japan

Abstract

The concentrations of chlorate and perchlorate were examined by ion chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (IC-MS-MS) in 106 bottled beverages purchased or obtained mainly in the Tokyo area to estimate exposure to these chemicals attributable to bottled beverages. The bottled beverages were classified into 5 categories: water from the water supply (n = 5), natural water (n = 49), bottled water (n = 10), tea (n = 25), and soft drinks (n = 17). Chlorate was detected in 85 bottled beverages (highest concentration, 700 µg/l), including all of the samples of bottled water from the water supply at levels ranging from 25 to 120 µg/l. Perchlorate was detected above the minimum reporting limit (i.e., 0.05 µg/l) from 62 bottled beverages, with the highest concentration of 0.92 µg/l. As the average consumption of bottled beverages calculated from market statistics is approximately 400 ml/day per person, it seems important to take the amounts of chlorate and perchlorate ingested from bottled beverages into consideration for estimation of total intake of these chemicals.

Monitoring of perchlorate in diverse foods and its estimated dietary exposure for Korea populations

“…These articles reported that they detected perchlorate in most samples and the levels of perchlorate in bottled water were below 1 g/L. Asami et al [18] analyzed perchlorate in Japanese beverage samples (25 teas and 17 soft drinks), and the perchlorate concentration in these samples was below 0.2 g/L and the levels of detection of beverage samples are lower than those in this study (about 1 g/L). Aribi et al [35] analyzed 144 beer samples collected from several countries, and the average concentration of perchlorate in beer was 2.75 g/L, and the range of concentration was 0.005-21.096 g/L.…”

“…Thus, perchlorate seems to be detected with a relatively higher level of concentration in fruit juices than in other drinks. There are several articles that analyzed perchlorate in bottle water samples [2,[17][18][19][20]35]. These articles reported that they detected perchlorate in most samples and the levels of perchlorate in bottled water were below 1 g/L.…”

“…Wang et al [15] have estimated the dietary exposure of Canadians to perchlorate through the consumption of 10 kinds of samples belonging to fruits and vegetables. Recently, except milk and vegetables, different foods like rice, beverage bottled water, dietary supplements and flavor enhancing ingredients were monitored to find the perchlorate levels in these samples [16][17][18][19][20]. In 2004, US FDA (United States Food and Drug Administration) conducted a nationwide perchlorate survey, monitoring 775 samples consisting of 27 food groups and calculating the perchlorate dietary exposure for general American population.…”

Perchlorate: Origin and Occurrence in Drinking Water

“…In 2004, the Massachusetts DPH reported that perchlorate concentrations in 50 bottled waters (e.g., drinking waters from PWS, spring waters, and artesian well waters) of 6 countries (i.e., United States, Canada, France, Italy, Norway, and Fiji) for sale in Massachusetts, which were submitted by bottled water companies, were <1 mg l À1 . Perchlorate concentrations in 5 bottled waters from PWSs in Japan were in the range of <0.05 to 0.92 mg l À1 and those in the remaining 59 bottled waters (e.g., natural and purified waters) mostly from Japan were in the range of <0.05 to 0.57 mg l À1 (Asami et al, 2009b). It was also reported that perchlorate concentrations in 9 of 10 bottled waters from 5 countries (i.e., France, India, Germany, Canada, and Portugal) were low, ranging from below the level of detection to 0.198AE0.017 mg l À1 , and that in the remaining 1 bottled water from Portugal was 5.098AE0.040 mg l À1 (El Aribi et al, 2006).…”

Development of drinking water standards for perchlorate in the United States

“…The committee recommended that the Superfund office lower the PRG and that the Office of Water develop a drinking water standard for perchlorate and, in the interim, issue a drinking water health advisory that takes into account early life exposures. CHPAC's assessment, combined with the recent CDC studies and FDA data on perchlorate in food (Blount et al, 2006(Blount et al, , 2007, could further complicate regulatory efforts (Asami et al, 2009).…”