Monitoring of perchlorate in diverse foods and its estimated dietary exposure for Korea populations

Placental transfer of and infantile exposure to perchlorate

“…The median concentrations of perchlorate in infant formula samples collected in China were in the same range as those recently reported in other studies from the U.S. (1.50 ng mL À1 ), Canada (1.27 ng mL À1 ) and Korea (6.78 ng g À1 ) (Lee et al, 2012;Wang et al, 2011) (Fig. 1), but were higher than those reported in Japan (0.59 ng mL À1 ) (Asami et al, 2013).…”

“…1), but were higher than those reported in Japan (0.59 ng mL À1 ) (Asami et al, 2013). Since the "2008 Chinese milk accident" (melamine-containing infant formula accident), more than 50% of infant formulas consumed in Chinese market are imported from other countries; this explains comparable levels of perchlorate levels among various countries studied thus far (Her et al, 2010;Lee et al, 2012;Pearce et al, 2007;Wang et al, 2011).…”

“…1. To our knowledge, nearly all previously studies on perchlorate in the breast milk, infant formula and urine of infants were from the U.S. (Borjan et al, 2011;Dasgupta et al, 2008;Kirk et al, 2007Kirk et al, , 2012Kirk et al, , 2005Leung et al, 2012;Leung et al, 2009;Pearce et al, 2007;Valentin-Blasini et al, 2011), but several studies reported perchlorate concentrations in infant formula from Canada (Wang et al, 2011), Korea (Her et al, 2010;Lee et al, 2012) and Japan (Asami et al, 2013). The urinary concentrations of perchlorate that were detected among all infants from Nanchang, China were up to 20 (range: 2e20) fold higher than those of American infants (Fig.…”

“…Perchlorate has also been detected in drinking water and dairy milk (Corley, 2005;Guruge et al, 2011;Her et al, 2010;Kirk et al, 2005;Mantus, 2005;Kannan et al, 2009;Wu et al, 2010). The prevalence of trace levels of perchlorate in food and water results in widespread human exposure (Asami et al, 2013;Blount et al, 2007;Eguchi et al, 2014;Lee et al, 2012). Human exposure to perchlorate is associated with potential health effects because this anion competes with iodine's transport into the thyroid gland by the sodium/iodide symporter (NIS) and can prevent the uptake of iodine into the thyroid, which is essential for thyroid hormone synthesis, normal development, growth, and metabolism (Eguchi et al, 2014;Srinivasan and Viraraghavan, 2009).…”

Brominated flame retardants in Korean river sediments, including changes in polybrominated diphenyl ether concentrations between 2006 and 2009

“…Nakdong River is the longest river in Korea, and it is used to supply over 90% of the drinking water of the people living in its basin (Lee et al, 2012a). But, the Nakdong River water quality is poor, and the many industrial complexes located along the river have caused several major environmental accidents, including the release of phenol, 1,4-dioxane, and perchlorate (Lee et al, 2011;2012b). Highly polluted sites in the river have been dredged to attempt to improve the water quality and ecosystem vitality.…”