Occurrence of Canine Parvovirus Type 2c in the United States

Abstract

Abstract. Canine parvovirus (CPV) type 2 (CPV-2) emerged around 1978 as a major pathogen of dogs worldwide. In the mid-1980s, the original CPV-2 had evolved and was completely replaced by 2 variants, CPV2a and CPV-2b. In 2000, a new variant of CPV (named CPV-2c) was detected in Italy and now cocirculates with types 2a and 2b in that country. The CPV-2c has also been reported from single outbreaks in Vietnam and Spain. This study was conducted to determine if CPV-2c occurs in the United States. Thirty-three fecal samples were collected from dogs in 16 states between April 2006 and April 2007 and were tested for CPV using real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Positive samples were further tested using conventional PCR and minor-groove binding TaqMan PCR assays to determine the viral type and to differentiate vaccine strains from field strains. Twenty-seven samples were positive for CPV, 7 of which were CPV-2c from 5 states: Arizona, California, Georgia, Oklahoma, and Texas. Of the 7 isolates, 4 differed from European CPV-2c isolates by 2 additional single-nucleotide mutations at positions 4076 and 4104, the latter of which produces a ThrAla change at residue 440 located near a major antigenic site. The coast-to-coast geographic distribution of the states in which CPV-2c was detected strongly suggests that this new CPV variant is probably widespread in the United States. The continuous evolution of CPV requires that monoclonal antibody-based and nucleic acid-based diagnostic assays should be periodically checked for sensitivity on prevalent CPV strains.

Parasitology, Virology, and Serology of Free-Ranging Coyotes (Canis latrans) from Central Georgia, USA

“…By 2000, there were three variants of CPV-2 (2a, 2b, and 2c), and all three are now found in multiple hosts worldwide (Hoelzer et al 2008). Our PCR and sequencing results show three coyotes were infected with CPV-2c and one with CPV-2b, and both subtypes have been found in domestic dogs in Georgia (Hong et al 2007;Kapil et al 2007). Thus, there is potential for coyotes to be a reservoir or spillover host for this pathogen.…”

Partial VP2 sequencing of canine parvovirus (CPV) strains circulating in the state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: detection of the new variant CPV-2c

“…Non-synonymous and synonymous mutations at residue 440 (nt 4104) have been described in CPV strains isolated from other countries, such as Italy (1), the United States (13,14), and Korea (18), and in two CPV-2a Brazilian strains collected in 1993 and 2002 (22).…”

A phylogenetic study of canine parvovirus type 2c in midwestern Brazil

“…The same variant was later detected in other European countries ), Asia (Nakamura et al 2004), Australia (Meers et al 2007), North and South America countries including Brazil (Hong et al 2007, Pérez et al 2007, Streck et al 2009). …”