Occurrence of alternative flame retardants in indoor dust from New Zealand: Indoor sources and human exposure assessment

Size-dependent atmospheric deposition and inhalation exposure of particle-bound organophosphate flame retardants

“…Again, the similarities of the OPFR chemical composition at both locations suggested the presence of sources not related to e-waste recycling activities; e.g., large amounts of TBOEP are known to be used in floor polish and waxes [17]. High levels of TBOEP were also reported in indoor dust [17,28], further indicating the presence of these sources.…”

Current levels and composition profiles of PBDEs and alternative flame retardants in surface sediments from the Pearl River Delta, southern China: Comparison with historical data

“…A class of HFRs known as polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA), hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD), and Dechlorane Plus (DP) have become a topic of great concern because of their widespread occurrence in the environment and potential adverse effects on humans and wildlife (Cetin and Odabasi, 2007;Qiu et al, 2007;Harrad et al, 2009;Covaci et al, 2011;Ali et al, 2012). The phase-out of technical pentaand octa-BDE mixtures in many regions worldwide has caused their manufacturers to seek alternatives to these products.…”

Disposition of the Emerging Brominated Flame Retardant, 2-Ethylhexyl 2,3,4,5-Tetrabromobenzoate, in Female SD Rats and Male B6C3F1 Mice: Effects of Dose, Route, and Repeated Administration

“…EH-TBB is not listed in the US EPA High Production Volume Information System, indicating its US production and import volumes are less than the threshold of "1 million pounds or more per year"; however, EH-TBB is subject to a USEPA significant new use rule (USEPA, 2015). EH-TBB has been detected in furniture foam, baby products (mattresses and high-chair foam), house dust, outdoor dust and sediment, and wildlife (Abdallah and Harrad, 2011;Ali et al, 2011Ali et al, , 2012Carignan et al, 2013, Davis et al, 2012Stapleton et al, 2014;Zhu et al, 2014). Samples of furniture foam have shown FM550 present in quantities up to 4.2% by weight (Stapleton et al, 2009).…”

“…A majority of systemic exposure to EH-TBB is expected to result from ingestion of dust, with upper range estimates of 0.2-0.4 ng EH-TBB/g dust/kg body weight (Ali et al, 2012;Al-Omran and Harrad, 2016). Sampling found a US population had serum levels of 1.3-54 ng EH-TBB/g lipid whereas amounts in hair and nail samples from these same individuals contained 7.6-4540 and 11-1210 ng EH-TBB/g, respectively (Liu et al, 2016a).…”