Occurrence and potential transfer of mycotoxins in gilthead sea bream and Atlantic salmon by use of novel alternative feed ingredients

Abstract

Plant ingredients and processed animal proteins (PAP) are suitable alternative feedstuffs for fish feeds in aquaculture practice, although their use can introduce contaminants that are not previously associated with marine salmon and gilthead sea bream farming. Mycotoxins are well known natural contaminants in plant feed material, although they also could be present on PAPs after fungi growth during storage. The present study surveyed commercially available plant ingredients (19) and PAP (19) for a wide range of mycotoxins (18) according to the EU regulations. PAP showed only minor levels of ochratoxin A and fumonisin B1 and the mycotoxin carry-over from feeds to fillets of farmed Atlantic salmon and gilthead sea bream (two main species of European aquaculture) was performed with plant ingredient based diets. Deoxynivalenol was the most prevalent mycotoxin in wheat, wheat gluten and corn gluten cereals with levels ranging from 17 to 814 and μg kg(-1), followed by fumonisins in corn products (range 11.1-4901 μg kg(-1) for fumonisin B1+B2+B3). Overall mycotoxin levels in fish feeds reflected the feed ingredient composition and the level of contaminant in each feed ingredient. In all cases the studied ingredients and feeds showed levels of mycotoxins below maximum residue limits established by the Commission Recommendation 2006/576/EC. Following these guidelines no mycotoxin carry-over was found from feeds to edible fillets of salmonids and a typically marine fish, such as gilthead sea bream. As far we know, this is the first report of mycotoxin surveillance in farmed fish species.

Tissue distribution and elimination of deoxynivalenol and ochratoxin A in dietary-exposed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar)

“…In a study primarily investigating potential toxic effects on the innate immune responses in carp (Cyprinus carpio) fed with DON up to approximately 1 mg kg -1 feed for 4 weeks, Pietsch et al (2014) reported only marginal concentrations of DON in muscle (up to 1.3 µg kg -1 dried weight) when sampled 12 h after last feeding. Nácher-Mestre et al (2015) could not detect DON in the muscle of Atlantic salmon or in gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata) fed plant-based replacement diets with natural trace (0.02-0.08 mg kg -1 ) concentrations of DON for 7 or 8 months.…”

“…Marine ingredients have therefore to a large extent been replaced with plant ingredients to support the demand for sustainable feed ingredients to the rapidly growing aquaculture sector (Ytrestoyl et al 2015). The shift from marine to more plant-based feeds introduces new potential contaminants that before have not been associated with the farming of marine fish species such as Atlantic salmon (Nácher-Mestre et al 2015). In this context two issues are important: possible adverse effects in the fish and carryover to fish products consumed by humans.…”

“…OTA can induce kidney damage in mammals (VKM 2013). Feed ingredients of plant origin, including cereals, are increasingly used in fish farming, and DON and OTA have also been shown to occur in such ingredients and in fish feed (Pietsch et al 2013;VKM 2013;Nácher-Mestre et al 2015;Sanden et al 2015). Fish feeds to carnivorous species such as Atlantic salmon have traditionally been based on fish meal and oil, but this supply is limited.…”

Impact of Mycotoxins on Aquaculture Fish Species: A Review

“…Nácher‐Mestre et al () analyzed alternative feed ingredients and complete feed for Atlantic salmon and found that the total concentration of FB 1 + FB 2 + FB 3 ranged from 0.112 to 0.754 mg/kg. Similarly, Rodríguez‐Cervantes et al () detected FBs in tilapia feed ranging from 0.148 to 2.587 mg/kg, while Greco et al () observed levels in rainbow trout feed below their limit of detection (0.222 mg/kg).…”

Multi-class determination of undesirables in aquaculture samples by gas chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry with atmospheric pressure chemical ionization: A novel approach for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons

“…The sample material has been described before in detail [31]. A total of 76 samples (from 19 different matrices) were studied in this work.…”