Occurrence and human exposure assessment of parabens in water sources in Osun State, Nigeria

Bolujoko, Nathaniel B.; Alfred, Moses O.; Okewole, Dorcas Modupe; Ogunlaja, Aemere; Olukanni, Olumide D.; Msagati, Titus A.M.; Unuabonah, Emmanuel I.

doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.152448

Cited by 31 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 56 publications

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“…Although, a published study reported by Michałowicz & Duda suggests that the concentrations of Phenol in water samples posed the most negligible toxicity to algae, Daphnia and Fish when compared with 2,4-DNP and 2,4,6-TCP(Michałowicz and Duda, 2007), yet this is not obvious from this study. It, thus, implies that the concentration of Phenol may determine its level of toxicity to aquatic life since the concentration of Phenol in water samples in this study far exceeds those reported byMichałowicz & Duda (2007).Results from EDI calculations (Figs [9][10][11][12]. suggests that the concentrations of 2,4-DNP in both groundwater and surface water can lead to serious toxicity issues for most population groups studied especially those below the age of 20 years.…”

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confidence: 46%

Pollution and Risk Assessment of Phenolic Compounds in Drinking Water Sources in South-Western Nigeria

Otitoju

Alfred

Ogunlaja

et al. 2022

Preprint

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This study reports the occurrence and risk assessment of 2,4- Dinitrophenol (2,4-DNP), Phenol (PHE), and 2,4,6- Trichlorophenol (2,4,6-TCP) in drinking water sources in three South western States in Nigeria (Osun, Oyo and Lagos). Groundwater (GW) and surface water (SW) were collected during dry and wet seasons of a year. The detection frequency of the phenolic compounds followed the trend: Phenol > 2,4-DNP > 2,4,6- TCP. The mean concentrations of 2,4-DNP, Phenol, and 2,4,6-TCP in GW/SW samples from Osun State were 639/553 µg L− 1, 261/262 µg L− 1, and 169/131 µg L− 1 respectively, during the rainy season and 154/7 µg L− 1, 78/37 µg L− 1, and 123/15 µg L− 1 during the dry season. In Oyo state, the mean concentration were 165/391 µgL− 1 for 2,4-DNP and 71/231 µgL− 1 for Phenol in GW/SW samples respectively, during rainy season. Generally, in the dry season, these values decreased. In any case, these concentrations are higher than those previously reported in water from other countries. The concentration of 2,4-DNP in water posed serious ecological risks to Daphnia on the acute scale while it was Algae on the chronic scale. Estimated daily intake and hazard quotient calculations suggests that 2,4-DNP in water pose serious toxicity concern to humans. Additionally, the concentration of 2,4,6-TCP in water from Osun State in both seasons pose significant carcinogenic risk to persons ingesting water from this State. Every exposure group were at risk from ingesting these phenolic compounds in water. However, this decreased with increasing age of the exposure group. Results from the Principal Component Analysis indicate that 2,4-DNP in water samples is from an anthropogenic source different from that for Phenol and 2,4,6-TCP. There is a need to treat these GW and SW before drinking while maintaining regular assessment of these water sources.

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confidence: 46%

Pollution and Risk Assessment of Phenolic Compounds in Drinking Water Sources in South-Western Nigeria

Otitoju

Alfred

Ogunlaja

et al. 2022

Preprint

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“…According to the 96h-LC 50 of PrP in mosquitofish (9.14 mg/L based on our previous experiment), environmental levels, and humanly realistic concentrations, four different nominal PrP treatment groups (0, 0.15, 6 and 240 μg/L) (40-fold gradient) were designed with four replicates. These concentrations corresponded to the PrP concentration in the river water (145 ng/L) [ 6 ] and surface water (ND-229 μg/L) [ 8 ]. The 240 μg/L PrP (about 1/40 96h-LC 50 ) represented the highest concentration in the aquatic environment and the median concentration in human fluids (ND-462 μg/L) [ 11 ].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Parabens are frequently found in tap water, bottled water, rivers, lakes, drinking water and waste water at concentrations from ng/L to μg/L [ 4 , 5 , 6 ] and have even been detected in aquatic animals [ 3 , 7 ]. According to the assessment of acute and chronic toxic exposure to parabens, they have been classified as emerging contaminants with the capability of endocrine disruption [ 8 , 9 ]. The potential risks of parabens to the environment and to humans have attracted considerable concern and resulted in the “paraben free” campaign [ 2 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…PrP is also frequently detected in the aquatic environment, for instance, ND-217 μg/L in the groundwater, ND-229 μg/L in the surface water [ 8 , 18 , 19 , 20 ], ND-480 ng/L in source water, ND-590 ng/L in drinking water [ 21 ], 23 ng/L in mineral water and 9 ng/L in tap water [ 6 ]. It is noteworthy that PrP has the possibility of bioaccumulation in nontarget aquatic organisms, since it had been absorbed by wild fish (0–4.58 μg/kg ww in the muscle, 0–6.72 μg/kg ww in the liver, 0–8.38 μg/L in the plasma) [ 7 , 22 ], so the toxicity of PrP to aquatic organisms can not be ignored.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Endocrine Disruption of Propylparaben in the Male Mosquitofish (Gambusia affinis): Tissue Injuries and Abnormal Gene Expressions of Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Gonadal-Liver Axis

Song

et al. 2023

IJERPH

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Propylparaben (PrP) is a widely used preservative that is constantly detected in aquatic environments and poses a potential threat to aquatic ecosystems. In the present work, adult male mosquitofish were acutely (4d) and chronically (32d) exposed to environmentally and humanly realistic concentrations of PrP (0, 0.15, 6.00 and 240 μg/L), aimed to investigate the toxic effects, endocrine disruption and possible mechanisms of PrP. Histological analysis showed time- and dose-dependent manners in the morphological injuries of brain, liver and testes. Histopathological alterations in the liver were found in 4d and severe damage was identified in 32d, including hepatic sinus dilatation, cytoplasmic vacuolation, cytolysis and nuclear aggregation. Tissue impairments in the brain and testes were detected in 32d; cell cavitation, cytomorphosis and blurred cell boundaries appeared in the brain, while the testes lesions contained spermatogenic cell lesion, decreased mature seminal vesicle, sperm cells gathering, seminiferous tubules disorder and dilated intercellular space. Furthermore, delayed spermatogenesis had occurred. The transcriptional changes of 19 genes along the hypothalamus–pituitary–gonadal–liver (HPGL) axis were investigated across the three organs. The disrupted expression of genes such as Ers, Ars, Vtgs, cyp19a, star, hsd3b, hsd17b3 and shh indicated the possible abnormal steroidogenesis, estrogenic or antiandrogen effects of PrP. Overall, the present results provided evidences for the toxigenicity and endocrine disruptive effects on the male mosquitofish of chronic PrP exposure, which highlights the need for more investigations of its potential health risks.

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“…The acute toxicity value for MeP is the lowest among parabens, but it can increase when parabens are present simultaneously in the environment. The highest concentration of MeP detected from surface water and groundwater were 527 µg/L and 212 µg/L, respectively [31].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Synergistic Adsorption of Organic Pollutants on Weathered Polyethylene Microplastics

et al. 2022

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Microplastics (MPs) are persistent tiny pieces of plastic material in the environment that are capable of adsorbing environmental organic pollutants from their surroundings. The interaction of MPs with organic pollutants alters their environmental behavior, i.e., their adsorption, degradation and toxicity, etc. Polyethylene (PE) is the most widely used plastic material. The environmental weathering of PE results in changes to its surface chemistry, making the polymer a much better vector for organic pollutants than virgin PE. In this study, a laboratory-accelerated weathering experiment was carried out with a virgin PE film and an oxidatively degradable PE (OXO-PE) film, i.e., PE modified by the addition of a pro-oxidant catalyst. The degradation of PE and OXO-PE was assessed through Fourier transform infra-red (FTIR) spectroscopy and their wettability was measured by contact angle (CA) measurements. Their thermal properties and morphology were studied using thermogravimetric analyses (TGA) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), respectively. Further, the adsorption of two model organic pollutants onto weathered and virgin PE was analyzed. Triclosan (TCS) and methylparaben (MeP) were chosen as model organic pollutants for the adsorption experiment due to their frequent use in the cosmetics industry, their uncontrolled release into the environment and their toxicity. The adsorption of both model pollutants onto PE and OXO-PE MP was analyzed by using gas chromatography with a flame ionization detector (GC-FID). The adsorption of MeP onto OXO-PE was higher than onto PE MPs. However, TCS showed insignificant adsorption onto PE and OXO-PE. When both pollutants were present simultaneously, the adsorption of TCS onto both PE and OXO-PE was significantly influenced by the presence of MeP. This result demonstrates that the adsorption behavior of one pollutant can be significantly altered by the presence of another pollutant. Both the effect of weathering on the adsorption of organic pollutants as well as the interaction between organic pollutants adsorbing onto MPs is highly relevant to actual MP pollution in the environment, where MPs are exposed to weathering conditions and mixtures of organic pollutants.

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Occurrence and human exposure assessment of parabens in water sources in Osun State, Nigeria

Cited by 31 publications

References 56 publications

Pollution and Risk Assessment of Phenolic Compounds in Drinking Water Sources in South-Western Nigeria

Pollution and Risk Assessment of Phenolic Compounds in Drinking Water Sources in South-Western Nigeria

Endocrine Disruption of Propylparaben in the Male Mosquitofish (Gambusia affinis): Tissue Injuries and Abnormal Gene Expressions of Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Gonadal-Liver Axis

Synergistic Adsorption of Organic Pollutants on Weathered Polyethylene Microplastics

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