Occurrence and genetic diversity of hemoplasmas in beef cattle from the Brazilian Pantanal, an endemic area for bovine trypanosomiasis in South America

Serological occurrence for tick-borne agents in beef cattle in the Brazilian Pantanal

“…Hematophagous dipterans, such as horn flies (Haematobia irritans) and tabanids (Tabanus spp.) were also observed (Souza Ramos et al, 2019a, b;Mendes et al, 2019;De Mello et al, 2019).…”

Molecular Survey and Genetic Diversity of Hemoplasmas in Rodents from Chile

“…All PCRs were performed with nuclease-free water (Thermo Scientific©, Waltham, MA, USA) as a negative control. Mycoplasma wenyonii and ‘Candidatus Mycoplasma haemobos ’ DNA samples from naturally infected cattle [ 54 ] were used as positive controls. The reaction mixture for the PCR Protocol was composed of 1.25 U of Taq DNA Polymerase (Thermo Scientific©, Waltham, MA, USA), 0.2 mM of each deoxynucleotide, 1.5 mM of MgCl 2 , 0.5 µM of each primer, and 5 µL of template DNA brought to a total volume of 25 µL with nuclease-free water (Thermo Scientific©, Waltham, MA, USA).…”

Molecular epidemiological insights into Trypanosoma vivax in Argentina: From the endemic Gran Chaco to outbreaks in the Pampas

“…Currently, in South America, T. vivax is known to be endemic in the lowlands of the Brazilian Amazonia (Garcia et al., 2020), Venezuelan Llanos (Garcia et al., 2016) and the Pantanal wetlands in Brazil and Bolivia (De Mello et al., 2019; Gonzales et al., 2007; Osório et al., 2008), which are adjacent to the Argentinean Gran Chaco. These areas of T. vivax enzootic stability are characterized by T. vivax cryptically infected water buffalo and zebuine beef cattle, where the prevalent infection is sustained by an abundance of both infected animals and biting flies (De Mello et al., 2019; Desquesnes, 2004; Garcia et al., 2016, 2020; Osório et al., 2008).…”

“…Currently, in South America, T. vivax is known to be endemic in the lowlands of the Brazilian Amazonia (Garcia et al., 2020), Venezuelan Llanos (Garcia et al., 2016) and the Pantanal wetlands in Brazil and Bolivia (De Mello et al., 2019; Gonzales et al., 2007; Osório et al., 2008), which are adjacent to the Argentinean Gran Chaco. These areas of T. vivax enzootic stability are characterized by T. vivax cryptically infected water buffalo and zebuine beef cattle, where the prevalent infection is sustained by an abundance of both infected animals and biting flies (De Mello et al., 2019; Desquesnes, 2004; Garcia et al., 2016, 2020; Osório et al., 2008). Livestock from endemic areas can serve as healthy carriers contributing to the onset of outbreaks of acute trypanosomosis in naïve animals of non‐endemic regions, as has been reported in Brazil, where the first outbreaks occurred in north‐eastern regions (Batista et al., 2007; de Araujo Melo et al., 2011; Galiza et al., 2011; Pimentel et al., 2012; Vieira et al., 2017) and then in the south‐eastern (Cadioli et al., 2012; Costa et al., 2020; Cuglovici et al., 2010; Reis et al., 2019), southern (Da Silva et al., 2011) and central (Bastos et al., 2017, 2020) regions.…”