Occurrence and fate of the angiotensin II receptor antagonist transformation product valsartan acid in the water cycle – A comparative study with selected β-blockers and the persistent anthropogenic wastewater indicators carbamazepine and acesulfame

Advancing Sequential Managed Aquifer Recharge Technology (SMART) Using Different Intermediate Oxidation Processes

“…In the second infiltration step, valsartan acid is efficiently attenuated in all systems with aeration (SMART air: 95%, SMART O 2 /O 3 : >99%), whereas it remained constant in the anoxic reference system (Figure 7b). These results are in accordance to Nödler et al [45], who proposed poor removal of valsartan acid during bank filtration. Oxic conditions seem to be favored for a sufficient biodegradation of valsartan acid.…”

“…Different studies revealed an efficient removal of metoprolol in MAR or slow sand filters, respectively [44][45][46]. Here, metoprolol was degraded by 84% in the first filtration step and overall by 89% in the reference system not employing an intermediate treatment.…”

Occurrence, ecotoxicological effects and risk assessment of antihypertensive pharmaceutical residues in the aquatic environment - A review

“…Therefore, Escher et al (2006) recognized the need to experimentally confirm the results presented by their model, since it is limited by uncertainties. Regarding antihypertensives TP, Nödler et al (2013) reported that there is currently no data available on ecotoxicological effects of valsartan acid, a persistent and mobile compound formed in activated sludge systems. Since this compound has been detected in German surface waters along with another transformation product, atenolol acid (Nödler et al, 2013), the (eco)toxicological effects of these contaminants should be of more concern.…”

Determination of selected cardiovascular active compounds in environmental aquatic samples – Methods and results, a review of global publications from the last 10 years

“…This is mainly due to the increased consumption of drugs worldwide, demographic changes and observed medicinal development progress (Hughes et al, 2013). The potential threat to aquatic wildlife coming from the presence of drugs in the environment is amplified by topics still not fully explored such as the persistence of drugs in the environment, their ecotoxicity and bioaccumulation (Fent et al, 2006;Vanderford and Snyder, 2006;Kasprzyk-Hordern et al, 2008;Benotti et al, 2009;Sui et al, 2010;Yu et al, 2011;Salem et al, 2012;Nodler et al, 2013).…”