Occurrence and fate of psychiatric pharmaceuticals in the urban water system of Shanghai, China

Occurrence, fate and interrelation of selected antibiotics in sewage treatment plants and their receiving surface water

“…What's more, the negative removal efficiency in STPs may be caused by the presence of metabolites in the influents, which can subsequently be transformed to their parent compounds during biological treatment (Göbel et al, 2005). In addition, the differences in the composition of sludge, sludge age as well as aerobic or anaerobic conditions are probably another reason for such results (Wu et al, 2015). Thus, the improvement of the removal efficiency for these compounds is required.…”

Persistence of alprazolam in river water according to forced and non‐forced degradation assays: adsorption to sediment and long‐term degradation products

“…Commonly, alprazolam is detected in river water at very low concentrations, in the 1-20 ng/L range, regardless of the season of the year. [3,5] The efficiency of the WWTPs to remove alprazolam has also been estimated: removal rates of 30-35% were calculated. About 20% of alprazolam is excreted without metabolization in humans.…”

“…[1][2][3][4][5][6] The effluents discharged from waste-water treatment plants (WWTPs) are the main introduction source of pharmaceuticals in surface water, which can reach the WWTPs as a consequence of discharges of industrial or hospital waste waters, the inappropriate disposal of unused domestic medicinal products, or the excretion of the pharmaceuticals taken by patients. [3,5] Concentrations of alprazolam of about 1-10 ng/g have been reported in sewage sludge [8,9] while concentrations higher than 100 ng/L have been measured in sewage water from prisons. [7] Alprazolam has been detected in the primary influent that reaches the WWTPs at concentrations in the low ng/L range: 8 and 27 ng/L.…”

“…[7] Alprazolam has been detected in the primary influent that reaches the WWTPs at concentrations in the low ng/L range: 8 and 27 ng/L. [1,3,5] Alprazolam has been detected in tap water, too. [3,5] The efficiency of the WWTPs to remove alprazolam has also been estimated: removal rates of 30-35% were calculated.…”

“…The depurated effluents contained concentrations of 5 and 20 ng/L, respectively. [3,5] The behaviour of alprazolam in aqueous solution has been studied in some works in order to test the stability of some pharmaceutical preparations. [3,5] Concentrations of alprazolam of about 1-10 ng/g have been reported in sewage sludge [8,9] while concentrations higher than 100 ng/L have been measured in sewage water from prisons.…”