Occurrence and fate of organophosphorus flame retardants and plasticizers in coastal and marine surface waters

Occurrence, distribution and seasonal variation of organophosphate flame retardants and plasticizers in urban surface water in Beijing, China

“…These concentrations were similar to those detected in rivers around the Bohai Sea, China (<LOD-218 ng L À1 ) (Wang et al, 2015), Danube River (20e110 ng L À1 ), Schwechat River (82 ng L À1 ) and Liesig River (75 ng L À1 ) in Austria (Martinez-Carballo et al, 2007), Elbe River (2e50 ng L À1 ) (Bollmann et al, 2012) and urban lake waters (<LOQ-122 ng L À1 ) (Regnery and Puttmann, 2010) in Germany, but lower than those detected in Songhua River, Northeast China (87e960 ng L À1 ) (Wang et al, 2011), rivers in Spain (<LOD-1200 ng L À1 ) (Cristale et al, 2013b), Albano lake in Italy (<LOQ-784 ng L À1 ) (Bacaloni et al, 2008) and other rivers in Germany (100e1510 ng L À1 ; 69e1044 ng L À1 ) Puttmann, 2001, 2003).…”

“…In the present study, TCPP, TCEP, TMP, TEP and TBEP were detected with the frequency of 80e99% in the river and lake water in Beijing (Table 1). As summarized in Table 2, most of these levels were higher than those detected in rivers around the Bohai Sea, China (Wang et al, 2015), Oder River (Fries and Puttmann, 2003), Elbe River (Bollmann et al, 2012) and lake water samples (Regnery and Puttmann, 2010) from Germany, as well as those in surface water from Austria (Martinez-Carballo et al, 2007), Rhine River in Netherlands (Bollmann et al, 2012) and volcanic lake waters from central Italy (Bacaloni et al, 2008). TCEP concentration in surface water from Beijing was similar to that detected in Songhua River (Wang et al, 2011) and Pearl River Estuaries, China , and the levels of TCPP and TBEP in this study were similar to those detected in the Spanish rivers (Cristale et al, 2013b) and Pearl River Estuaries, China , but the TCPP level was lower than that in Aire River in UK (Cristale et al, 2013a).…”

Occurrence and distribution of organophosphate triesters and diesters in sludge from sewage treatment plants of Beijing, China

“…TCEP and tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCP) have been proven to be carcinogenic (Brandsma et al, 2014;Wang et al, 2015), while tri(2-chloroisopropyl) phosphate (TCPP) and tributoxyethyl phosphate (TBEP) are also suspected as carcinogens (Brandsma et al, 2014;Venier et al, 2014;Wang et al, 2015). Additionally, chlorinated alkyl phosphates are considered as persistent pollutants due to their resistance to degradation (Kawagoshi et al, 2002;Meyer and Bester, 2004;Bollmann et al, 2012;Gao et al, 2013).…”

“…So far, many of these contaminants have been detected in wastewater (Marklund et al, 2005a;Martinez-Carballo et al, 2007), surface water (Regnery and Puttmann, 2010;Bollmann et al, 2012;Wang et al, 2015) and drinking water (Stackelberg et al, 2004;Andresen and Bester, 2006), as well as soil (Fries and Mihajlovic, 2011;Mihajlovic and Fries, 2012) and dust samples (Kim et al, 2013;Abdallah and Covaci, 2014;Zheng et al, 2015). It has been reported that several OP triesters cannot be completely eliminated in municipal sewage treatment plants (STPs) (Meyer and Bester, 2004;Marklund et al, 2005a), and then are discharged into receiving rivers and soil subjected to reclaimed water irrigation or sludge treatment.…”

Evaluating the blank contamination and recovery of sample pretreatment procedures for analyzing organophosphorus flame retardants in waters

“…SPE is commonly used in purification and concentration of OPEs in aqueous samples (Wang et al, 2011;Bacaloni et al, 2007;Bollmann et al, 2012;García-López et al, 2010;Quintana et al, 2008), due to its advantages of lower consumption of solvents, time-saving operation and high reproducibility compared to the classical liquid-liquid extraction.…”