Occurrence and Distribution of Two Hydroxylated Polychlorinated Biphenyl Congeners in Chicago Air

Awad, Andrew M; Martínez, Andrés; Marek, Rachel F.; Hornbuckle, Keri C.

doi:10.1021/acs.estlett.5b00337

Cited by 23 publications

(29 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…Concentrations of 2-OH-PCB 2 and 6-OH-PCB2 outside of East Chicago and Columbus Junction schools are not different from our previous study of OH-PCBs in Chicago air collected with high volume air samplers, 34 the only other published report of OH-PCBs in air. Indoor concentrations of these two OH-PCBs are an order of magnitude higher.…”

Section: Resultscontrasting

confidence: 85%

“…We hypothesized previously that 2-OH-PCB 2 and 6-OH-PCB 2 measured in the air are a result of volatilization from Aroclors because the data did not support their presence from reaction between hydroxyl radical and PCB 2. 34 …”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…34 Samples were collected January 2012 to November 2015 for this school study and January to December 2009 for the Chicago air study.…”

Section: Figurementioning

confidence: 99%

“…2, 26–29 Although OH-PCBs are recognized as human 28, 30 and plant 31 metabolites of PCBs, they are also emerging as abiotic environmental contaminants of water, 32 sediment and Aroclors, 33 and outdoor air. 34 Exposure of school-age children to PCBs and OH-PCBs is particularly concerning because these compounds are carcinogenic to humans, 35 target the endocrine system, 36, 37 and are linked to neurodevelopmental disorders. 38–40 OH-PCBs may be more toxic than PCBs although fewer studies have been reported.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Airborne PCBs and OH-PCBs Inside and Outside Urban and Rural U.S. Schools

Marek¹,

Thorne

Herkert³

et al. 2017

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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119

183

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PCBs appear in school air because many school buildings were built when PCBs were still intentionally added to building materials and because PCBs are also present through inadvertent production in modern pigment. This is of concern because children are especially vulnerable to the toxic effects of PCBs. Here we report indoor and outdoor air concentrations of PCBs and OH-PCBs from two rural schools and four urban schools, the latter near a PCB-contaminated waterway of Lake Michigan in the United States. Samples (n=108) were collected as in/out pairs using polyurethane foam passive air samplers (PUF-PAS) from January 2012 to November 2015. Samples were analyzed using GC/MS-MS for all 209 PCBs and 72 OH-PCBs. Concentrations inside schools were one to two orders of magnitude higher than outdoors and ranged 0.5–194 ng/m3 (PCBs) and 4–665 pg/m3 (OH-PCBs). Congener profiles were similar within each sampling location across season but different between schools and indicated the sources as Aroclors from building materials and individual PCBs associated with modern pigment. This study is the first cohort-specific analysis to show that some children’s PCB inhalation exposure may be equal to or higher than their exposure through diet.

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Section: Resultscontrasting

confidence: 85%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…34 Samples were collected January 2012 to November 2015 for this school study and January to December 2009 for the Chicago air study.…”

Section: Figurementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Airborne PCBs and OH-PCBs Inside and Outside Urban and Rural U.S. Schools

Marek¹,

Thorne

Herkert³

et al. 2017

Environ. Sci. Technol.

Self Cite

119

183

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“…5,6 As transformation products of PCBs, OH-PCBs are widely dispersed in the environment, and they have been detected in a variety of samples, including air, water, sediments, and animal tissues. 6–8 OH-PCBs have raised environmental concerns because of their reported toxicity for a variety of organisms, sometimes even higher than the toxicity of parent PCBs. 4,9,10 …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) and Their Hydroxylated Metabolites (OH-PCBs) on Arabidopsis thaliana

Subramanian

Schnoor

Aken

2017

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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Plants metabolize polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) into hydroxylated derivatives (OH-PCBs), which are sometimes more toxic than the parent PCBs. The objective of this research was to compare the toxicity of a suite of PCBs and OH-PCBs toward the model plant, Arabidopsis thaliana. While parent PCBs and higher-chlorinated OH-PCBs exhibited a low or nondetectable toxicity, lower-chlorinated OH-PCBs significantly inhibited the germination rate and plant growth, with inhibition concentration 50% (IC50) ranging from 1.6 to 12.0 mg L−1. The transcriptomic response of A. thaliana to 2,5-dichlorobiphenyl (2,5-DCB), and its OH metabolite, 4′-OH-2,5-DCB, was then examined using whole-genome expression microarrays (Affymetrix). Exposure to 2,5-DCB and 4′-OH-2,5-DCB resulted in different expression patterns, with the former leading to enrichment of genes involved in response to toxic stress and detoxification functions. Exposure to 2,5-DCB induced multiple xenobiotic response genes, such as cytochrome P-450 and glutathione S-transferases, potentially involved in the PCB metabolism. On the contrary, exposure to both compounds resulted in the down-regulation of genes involved in stresses not directly related to toxicity. Unlike its OH derivative, 2,5-DCB was shown to induce a transcriptomic profile similar to plant safeners, which are nontoxic chemicals stimulating detoxification pathways in plants. The differentiated induction of detoxification enzymes by 2,5-DCB may explain its lower phytotoxicity compared to 4′-OH-2,5-DCB.

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