Occurrence and distribution of HCHs and DDTs in surface water and groundwater from the Gajulamandyam region along the Swarnamukhi river basin, Andhra Pradesh, India

Kurakalva, Rama Mohan; Aradhi, Keshav Krishna

doi:10.1080/03067319.2020.1818735

Cited by 11 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 49 publications

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“…In contrast, developed nations such as Europe or USA (3 kg/ha) or other Asian countries like China, South Korea, Taiwan, and Japan have more than 10 kg/ha consumption (Abhilash & Singh, 2009 ; De et al, 2014 ). Despite India's low per-hectare pesticide consumption, widespread pesticide contamination in food commodities (Arisekar et al, 2019 ; Bakore et al, 2004 ; Prakash et al, 2004 ; Samidurai et al, 2019 ; Sharma, 2021 ), soil (Agnihotri et al, 1996 ; Devi et al, 2015 ; Joseph et al, 2020 ; Singh et al, 2007 ), and water (Duttagupta et al, 2020 ; Kurakalva & Aradhi, 2020 ; Lari et al, 2014 ) have been identified. Between 2010 and 2015, pesticide use in India increased by around 50% (Bose et al, 2021 ).…”

Section: Pesticide Consumptionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…There are two metabolites of p,p ′-DDT; p,p ′-DDE and p,p ′-DDD. DDT undergoes metabolic conversion and degrades into DDE in aerobic conditions through dehydrochlorination, while in anaerobic conditions, it degrades to DDD through reductive dechlorination (Hiller et al, 2011 ; Kumar et al, 1995 ; Kurakalva & Aradhi, 2020 ). These metabolites have greater environmental persistence compared to parent compounds.…”

Section: Pesticides Classificationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Similarly, (DDD + DDE)/ΣDDT ratio is used to understand possible contamination sources and identify whether new DDT has entered the environment or not (Arias-Estévez et al, 2008 ; Chen et al, 2006 ; Hiller et al, 2011 ). A (DDD + DDE)/ΣDDT ratio of > 0.5 suggests that there is no recent entry of DDT and continued weathering and degradation of a significant portion of old DDT (Hitch & Day, 1992 ; Kurakalva & Aradhi, 2020 ; Malik et al, 2009 ; Zhou et al, 2014 ). While (DDD + DDE)/ΣDDT ratio < 0.5 indicates a recent entry of DDT.…”

Section: Pesticides Classificationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Even after a decade’s ban, the occurrence of HCH, DDT, endosulfan, aldrin, etc., denote their high persistence in groundwater and continuous use. Pesticide residues in most of the groundwaters in India have exceeded maximum residual limits (MRL) of WHO or BIS (Table 3 ) (Duttagupta et al, 2020 ; Jayashree & Vasudevan, 2007 ; Kaushik et al, 2012 ; Kumari et al, 2007 ; Kurakalva & Aradhi, 2020 ; Mishra & Sharma, 2011 ). There is no WHO standard for endosulfan, but it is a neurotoxin detected at high levels in groundwaters (Jayashree & Vasudevan, 2007 ; Kaushik et al, 2012 ).…”

Section: Pesticides In the Hydrogeo-environmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A substantial positive correlation between the detection frequency of OCPs in soil and groundwater were observed in the northern Indo-Gangetic plain (Singh et al, 2007 ). A significant positive correlation in Σ-DDT and no significant correlation in Σ-HCH were observed between surface and groundwater (Kurakalva & Aradhi, 2020 ). This may be due to the similar source of contamination for DDTs and diversified source for HCHs.…”

Section: Pesticides In the Hydrogeo-environmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Pesticides in the hydrogeo-environment: a review of contaminant prevalence, source and mobilisation in India

Rajan

Parween²,

Raju

2023

Environ Geochem Health

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Chemical pesticides in the hydrogeological system are a global concern as they pose a severe threat to humans and other organisms. In agriculture, around 4.12 million tonnes of pesticides were used globally in 2018, which is 50% more than in the 1990s. Various pesticides detected in the hydrogeological system of India since the 1990s have been documented and reviewed to understand the prevalence, source, history and degradation pathways. This review contributes to a better understanding of existing pesticide pollution and the state of hydrogeological resource deterioration. Small to excess levels of pesticide residues were detected in groundwater, surface water, soil, and sediments. Pesticides that were most commonly and predominantly found in the hydrogeological system were HCHs, DDTs, endosulfan, heptachlor, drins (aldrin, dieldrin, endrin), chlordane etc. β and γ-HCH isomers among HCHs, whereas p,p ′-DDT and p,p ′ - DDE among the DDTs were detected most prevalently. In many regions, pesticide residue levels in water have exceeded the maximum residue limits of WHO and BIS, while those in soils and sediments have exceeded the threshold effect level and probable effect level. Higher pesticide residues were detected in the water resources of rural agricultural areas compared to peri-urban or urban areas. A positive correlation of pesticide residues between water resources and soil has been observed in some regions, suggesting a similar contamination source. Diagnostic ratios of pesticides reveal their source, history and degradation pathways. Diagnostic ratios observed in various studies conducted in India suggest historical as well as recent use of banned pesticides. Strengthening current policies and regulations, monitoring pesticide use, changes in pesticide application practices, awareness among farmers, and the use of prominent removal techniques are necessary to tackle pesticide contamination in India.

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