Occurrence and absence of polychlorodibenzofurans and polychlorodibenzodioxins in fly ash from municipal incinerators

Ballschmiter, Karlheinz; Zoller, W; Scholz, Carmen; Nottrodt, A

doi:10.1016/0045-6535(83)90216-3

Cited by 101 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…This has been previously observed in a study of chlorinated compounds emitted from municipal incineration (16). It becomes evident that the Canada fly-ash is more concentrated in chlorinated organic compounds than the Norway fly-ash.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 51%

“…However, the primary source of chlorine need not be from PVC (6). It has been suggested that HC1 in the furnace can be the reactant chlorine source ( 16). The greater concentration of thio-PAH compounds in the Norway fly-ash could be related to a substantial sulphur content in the furnace.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The differences between these two groups have not been explained. Some suggest that burning efficiency and/or chlorine content of the fuel may have some effect (7,16).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Comparative analysis of hazardous compounds on fly-ash from municipal waste incineration by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry

Viau¹,

Studak²,

Karasek³

1984

Can. J. Chem.

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Fly-ash samples from municipal incinerators in Canada and Norway were analyzed for polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry preceded by fractionation on column chromatography. Qualitative and quantitative differences in the organic compounds identified were found between the two samples. Many of the same dioxin congeners were present in both samples; however, tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxins were only detected in the Canadian sample.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 51%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Comparative analysis of hazardous compounds on fly-ash from municipal waste incineration by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry

Viau¹,

Studak²,

Karasek³

1984

Can. J. Chem.

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“…The reaction with Cl 2 produces polychlorobenzenes. The third reaction with O 2 leads to chlorophenoxyl radicals and PCDD/Fs are formed finally (Ballschmiter et al, 1983;Sommeling et al, 1994). A reaction of polychlorophenols or polychlorophenol radicals with polychlorobenzenes could lead to PCBEs, which are known to form PCDFs (and to a lesser degree PCDDs) upon pyrolysis (Buser, 1979).…”

Section: Occurrence and Distribution Of Pcbs In The Process Of P-dcb mentioning

confidence: 99%

Formation of PCDD/Fs and PCBs in the process of production of 1,4-dichlorobenzene

et al. 2004

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The occurrence and distribution of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in a typical process of production of 1,4-dichlorobenzene (p-DCB) were investigated systematically in this study. P 5 CDFs and H 6 CDFs were the main congeners of PCDD/Fs, while only low levels of other PCDD/Fs were detected in the samples. The concentrations of PCBs were up to 4614 ng/g in the semi-manufactured products, and 1797 ng/g in the product p-DCB. It was also found that high chlorinated PCB congeners increased with the further chlorination. The levels of PCDD/Fs decreased obviously in the purification process, while PCBs could not be removed effectively. Polychlorophenols and other important dioxin precursors (1,4-dichloro-2-phenoxybenzene and 2-phenyl-2 0 ,5,5 0 -trichlorophenol) were also analyzed. Polychlorophenols which ortho-and parapositions of the hydroxyl were substituted by chlorine were the main congeners. In addition, a possible pathway of the formation of PCDD/Fs and PCBs in the production of p-DCB was presented. The results of this article suggest that re-estimation on the risk of using p-DCB products, especially the products for daily use such as mothballs, is expected.

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“…Numerous in-furnace formation mechanisms have been proposed to account for CDD/CDF emissions, including gas-phase and gas/solid reactions involving chlorinated hydrocarbons or non-chlorinated hydrocarbons and chlorine donors (12)(13)(14)(15)(16)(17)(18)(19). CDD/CDF synthesis is thought to occur in the burning refuse bed or in fuel-rich regions of the furnace.…”

Section: Origins Of Organic Emissionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Combustion Control of Organic Emissions from Municipal Waste Combustors

Kilgroe

Nelson

Schindler

et al. 1990

Combustion Science and Technology

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More than two decades ago, researchers identified benzo(a)pyrene and other organic species in the emissions from incineration of solid waste. Chlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and-furans (CDD/CDF) were first detected in municipal waste combustor (MWC) emissions in 1977. Since then, CDD/CDF and a substantial number of other potentially hazardous trace organic species have been observed in the emissions from many MWC facilities. From fundamental perspectives. organic emissions are products of incomplete combustion and can be controlled to low concentrations through the optimization of the combustion process and the application of appropriate flue gas cleaning devices.CDD/CDF are some of the most widely studied organic compounds of environmental concern. EPA has announced that it intends to propose new rules for control of MWC air emissions. Technical background studies for these rules considered the control of CDD/CDF as a surrogate for controlling emission of "MWC organics." These studies on the control of CDD/CDF from MWC facilities provide useful information on strategies for controlling total organic emissions from combustion sources.Good combustion practice (GCP) is defined as those combustion conditions which lead to low emissions of trace organic pollutants. This article (l) identifies specific combustion conditions which are postulated to lead to low emission of organics (components of GCP); (2) summarizes experimental correlations between GCP components and organic emissions: and (3) briefly discusses strategies for applying GCP to ensure continuous control of organic emissions. Background information on CDD/CDF formation theories is also presented and additional reasearch needed to establish the effectiveness of combustion strategies for control of MWC organic emissions is discussed.

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Occurrence and absence of polychlorodibenzofurans and polychlorodibenzodioxins in fly ash from municipal incinerators

Cited by 101 publications

References 16 publications

Comparative analysis of hazardous compounds on fly-ash from municipal waste incineration by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry

Comparative analysis of hazardous compounds on fly-ash from municipal waste incineration by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry

Formation of PCDD/Fs and PCBs in the process of production of 1,4-dichlorobenzene

Combustion Control of Organic Emissions from Municipal Waste Combustors

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