Occupational Exposure to Diesel Exhaust in the Canadian Federal Jurisdiction

Burton, Steven L.

doi:10.1080/15428110308984825

Cited by 9 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…Moreover, the surface reactivity of the stationary collected particles in these bus depots, described in a previous paper [27], indicated that PM 4 was quite oxidized, probably because of ageing. EC results (Table 2 stationary measurements) were comparable with those obtained in previous studies in bus depots [30,43,44]. Unlike PM 4 and OC, the concentrations of EC measured in personal air sampling (Table 2 personal measurements) were comparable to those measured using stationary air sampling.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 87%

Biomarkers of oxidative stress and its association with the urinary reducing capacity in bus maintenance workers

Sauvain

Setyan

Wild

et al. 2011

J Occup Med Toxicol

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BackgroundExposure to particles (PM) induces adverse health effects (cancer, cardiovascular and pulmonary diseases). A key-role in these adverse effects seems to be played by oxidative stress, which is an excess of reactive oxygen species relative to the amount of reducing species (including antioxidants), the first line of defense against reactive oxygen species. The aim of this study was to document the oxidative stress caused by exposure to respirable particles in vivo, and to test whether exposed workers presented changes in their urinary levels for reducing species.MethodsBus depot workers (n = 32) exposed to particles and pollutants (respirable PM4, organic and elemental carbon, particulate metal content, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, NOx, O3) were surveyed over two consecutive days. We collected urine samples before and after each shift, and quantified an oxidative stress biomarker (8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine), the reducing capacity and a biomarker of PAH exposure (1-hydroxypyrene). We used a linear mixed model to test for associations between the oxidative stress status of the workers and their particle exposure as well as with their urinary level of reducing species.ResultsWorkers were exposed to low levels of respirable PM4 (range 25-71 μg/m3). However, urinary levels of 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine increased significantly within each shift and between both days for non-smokers. The between-day increase was significantly correlated (p < 0.001) with the concentrations of organic carbon, NOx, and the particulate copper content. The within-shift increase in 8OHdG was highly correlated to an increase of the urinary reducing capacity (Spearman ρ = 0.59, p < 0.0001).ConclusionsThese findings confirm that exposure to components associated to respirable particulate matter causes a systemic oxidative stress, as measured with the urinary 8OHdG. The strong association observed between urinary 8OHdG with the reducing capacity is suggestive of protective or other mechanisms, including circadian effects. Additional investigations should be performed to understand these observations.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 87%

Biomarkers of oxidative stress and its association with the urinary reducing capacity in bus maintenance workers

Sauvain

Setyan

Wild

et al. 2011

J Occup Med Toxicol

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“…Table 5 presents the exposure levels to EC of other occupational groups measured using NIOSH method 5040. Compared with other studies, the MHW collectors (GM = 5.6 μg/m 3 ) were exposed to slightly higher levels than mechanics of truck repair garages (GM = 3.2–5.9 μg/m 3 ), mechanics of locomotive workshops (GM = 2.6–3.2 μg/m 3 ), truck drivers (GM = 1.1–4.0 μg/m 3 ), railroad crews (GM = 1.4–5.6 μg/m 3 ), and surface workers at mining facilities (GM = 1–4 μg/m 3 ) [ 18 , 20 , 31 , 33 – 37 ]. The exposures of MHW truck drivers (GM = 3.8 μg/m 3 ) were comparable to local truck drivers (GM = 1.2–4.0 μg/m 3 ) and long-haul truck drivers (GM = 1.1–3.8 μg/m 3 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Since DPM is a mixture of various components, EC, OC, total carbon (TC, EC+OC), BC and fine particulate matter (PM 2.5) can be used to determine DPM exposures [ 17 – 19 ]. Among these, EC is known as the most useful marker of DPM because it is generated proportionally to DPM, relatively free of interferences (unlike OC), and can be measured at low concentrations [ 17 , 18 , 20 ]. BC (black aerosol, soot, carbonaceous aerosol) is often used interchangeably with EC, but the term was defined by measuring light-absorbing carbon.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Occupational Exposure to Diesel Particulate Matter in Municipal Household Waste Workers

et al. 2015

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ObjectiveThe purposes of this study were to determine the following: 1) the exposure levels of municipal household waste (MHW) workers to diesel particulate matter (DPM) using elemental carbon (EC), organic carbon (OC), total carbon (TC), black carbon (BC), and fine particulate matter (PM 2.5) as indicators; 2) the correlations among the indicators; 3) the optimal indicator for DPM; and 4) factors that influence personal exposure to DPM.MethodsA total of 72 workers in five MHW collection companies were assessed over a period of 7 days from June to September 2014. Respirable EC/OC samples were quantified using the thermal optical transmittance method. BC and PM 2.5 were measured using real-time monitors, an aethalometer and a laser photometer. All results were statistically analyzed for occupational and environmental variables to identify the exposure determinants of DPM.ResultsThe geometric mean of EC, OC, TC, BC and PM 2.5 concentrations were 4.8, 39.6, 44.8, 9.1 and 62.0 μg/m3, respectively. EC concentrations were significantly correlated with the concentrations of OC, TC and BC, but not with those of PM 2.5. The exposures of the MHW collectors to EC, OC, and TC were higher than those of the drivers (p<0.05). Workers of trucks meeting Euro 3 emission standard had higher exposures to EC, OC, TC and PM 2.5 than those working on Euro 4 trucks (p<0.05). Multiple regression analysis revealed that the job task, European engine emission standard, and average driving speed were the most influential factors in determining worker exposure.ConclusionsWe assessed MHW workers’ exposure to DPM using parallel sampling of five possible indicators. Of these five indicators, EC was shown to be the most useful indicator of DPM exposure for MHW workers, and the job task, European emission standard, and average driving speed were the main determinants of EC exposure.

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“…Temperature and/or the amount of light transmitted through filters are used to split the OC from the more recalcitrant EC. In order to facilitate inter-laboratory comparison, the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) published Method 5040 (NIOSH, 1998) and since its publication, it has been widely used in environmental and health studies (Fromme et al , 2005; Seshagiri & Burton, 2003). …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Validating a nondestructive optical method for apportioning colored particulate matter into black carbon and additional components

Yan

Kennedy²,

Miller³

et al. 2011

Atmospheric Environment

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Exposure of black carbon (BC) is associated with a variety of adverse health outcomes. A number of optical methods for estimating BC on Teflon filters have been adopted but most assume all light absorption is due to BC while other sources of colored particulate matter exist. Recently, a four-wavelength-optical reflectance measurement for distinguishing second hand cigarette smoke (SHS) from soot-BC was developed (Brook et al., 2010; Lawless et al., 2004). However, the method has not been validated for soot-BC nor SHS and little work has been done to look at the methodological issues of the optical reflectance measurements for samples that could have SHS, BC, and other colored particles. We refined this method using a lab-modified integrating sphere with absorption measured continuously from 350 nm to 1000 nm. Furthermore, we characterized the absorption spectrum of additional components of particulate matter (PM) on PM2.5 filters including ammonium sulfate, hematite, goethite, and magnetite. Finally, we validate this method for BC by comparison to other standard methods. Use of synthesized data indicates that it is important to optimize the choice of wavelengths to minimize computational errors as additional components (more than 2) are added to the apportionment model of colored components. We found that substantial errors are introduced when using 4 wavelengths suggested by Lawless et al. to quantify four substances, while an optimized choice of wavelengths can reduce model-derived error from over 10% to less than 2%. For environmental samples, the method was sensitive for estimating airborne levels of BC and SHS, but not mass loadings of iron oxides and sulfate. Duplicate samples collected in NYC show high reproducibility (points consistent with a 1:1 line, R2 = 0.95). BC data measured by this method were consistent with those measured by other optical methods, including Aethalometer and Smoke-stain Reflectometer (SSR); although the SSR looses sensitivity at filter loadings above 90 ng/mm2. Furthermore, positive correlations (R2 = 0.7) were observed between EC measured by NIOSH Method 5040 on quartz filters and BC measured in co-located Teflon filter samples collected from both heating and non-heating seasons. Overall, the validation data demonstrates the usefulness of this method to evaluate BC from archived Teflon filters while potentially providing additional component information.

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Occupational Exposure to Diesel Exhaust in the Canadian Federal Jurisdiction

Cited by 9 publications

References 9 publications

Biomarkers of oxidative stress and its association with the urinary reducing capacity in bus maintenance workers

Biomarkers of oxidative stress and its association with the urinary reducing capacity in bus maintenance workers

Occupational Exposure to Diesel Particulate Matter in Municipal Household Waste Workers

Validating a nondestructive optical method for apportioning colored particulate matter into black carbon and additional components

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