Occupational Exposure in Nuclear Medicine and PET

White, Stephen; Binns, David; Johnston, Val; Fawcett, M. E.; Greer, Brett; Ciavarella, Filomena; Hicks, Rodney J.

doi:10.1016/s1095-0397(00)00044-3

Cited by 15 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…A number of papers have been published where direct measurements have been made at different orientations from the patient. [20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27] These reported values were normalized for the amount of administered activity and measurement distance, and were also corrected for radioactive decay back to the administration time. Based on the mean of these corrected results, the Task Group recommends using a patient dose rate of 0.092 Sv m 2 / MBq h ͑3.…”

Section: Patient Attenuationmentioning

confidence: 99%

AAPM Task Group 108: PET and PET/CT Shielding Requirements

et al. 2005

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The shielding of positron emission tomography (PET) and PET/CT (computed tomography) facilities presents special challenges. The 0.511 MeV annihilation photons associated with positron decay are much higher energy than other diagnostic radiations. As a result, barrier shielding may be required in floors and ceilings as well as adjacent walls. Since the patient becomes the radioactive source after the radiopharmaceutical has been administered, one has to consider the entire time that the subject remains in the clinic. In this report we present methods for estimating the shielding requirements for PET and PET/CT facilities. Information about the physical properties of the most commonly used clinical PET radionuclides is summarized, although the report primarily refers to fluorine-18. Typical PET imaging protocols are reviewed and exposure rates from patients are estimated including self-attenuation by body tissues and physical decay of the radionuclide. Examples of barrier calculations are presented for controlled and noncontrolled areas. Shielding for adjacent rooms with scintillation cameras is also discussed. Tables and graphs of estimated transmission factors for lead, steel, and concrete at 0.511 MeV are also included. Meeting the regulatory limits for uncontrolled areas can be an expensive proposition. Careful planning with the equipment vendor, facility architect, and a qualified medical physicist is necessary to produce a cost effective design while maintaining radiation safety standards.

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Section: Patient Attenuationmentioning

confidence: 99%

AAPM Task Group 108: PET and PET/CT Shielding Requirements

et al. 2005

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“…Staff doses have been reported to be potentially high [4][5][6][7][8][9][10], with a range of total dose for all the ''hot'' steps within a procedure reported to be 5.025.7 mSv per procedure [9]. For studies with dose measurements recorded over the working day, the reported dose was 5.5211.5 mSv per procedure using readings from direct reading dosemeters [5,8].…”

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confidence: 99%

Radiation protection in fixed PET/CT facilities—design and operation

Peet

Morton²,

Hussein³

et al. 2012

BJR

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ABSTRACT. We describe the design of a fixed positron emission tomography (PET)/CT facility and the use of a simulated instantaneous dose-rate plot to visually highlight areas of potentially high radiation exposure. We also illustrate the practical implementation of basic radiation protection principles based on the use of distance and shielding and the minimisation of time spent in hot areas. Staff whole body doses for 4 years are presented with results of an optimisation study analysing the dose arising from the different phases within each study using direct reading dosemeters. The total whole body dose for all staff for each patient fell from 9.5 mSv in the first full year of operation to 4.8 mSv in 2008. The maximum dose to an individual member of staff per patient decreased over the same period from 3.2 to 0.9 mSv. The optimisation study showed that the highest dose was recorded during the injection phase.

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“…Chiesa et al (26) reported on radiation doses for PET technicians that were higher than those received in conventional diagnostic nuclear medicine departments. However, some more recent studies (20,21) showed radiation doses for the technicians similar to the doses received in conventional diagnostic nuclear medicine departments. These lower extremity doses may be explained by the use of a homemade syringe drawing device, a semiautomatic injector and patient video tracking, allowing a shorter duration of contact between the technician and the patient.…”

Section: Positron Emission Tomography Examinationsmentioning

confidence: 92%

“…Tandon et al (24) evaluated doses at the fingers during the dispensing, injection and scintigraphy. The respective numbers for the above phases are: 0.098, 0.324 and 0.56 mSv GBq 21 . The 5-y study of Marti-Climent and Peñ uelas (25) , in a total of 7032 PET studies, showed finger doses for nurses varying from 0.087 to 0.10 mSv GBq 21 , and for technicians ranging from 0.16 to 0.54 mSv GBq 21 .…”

Section: Positron Emission Tomography Examinationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

An overview on extremity dosimetry in medical applications

Vanhavere

Carinou

Donadille

et al. 2008

Radiation Protection Dosimetry

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Some activities of EURADOS Working Group 9 (WG9) are presently funded by the European Commission (CONRAD project). The objective of WG9 is to promote and co-ordinate research activities for the assessment of occupational exposures to staff at workplaces in interventional radiology (IR) and nuclear medicine. For some of these applications, the skin of the fingers is the limiting organ for individual monitoring of external radiation. Therefore, sub-group 1 of WG9 deals with the use of extremity dosemeters in medical radiation fields. The wide variety of radiation field characteristics present in a medical environment together with the difficulties in measuring a local dose that is representative for the maximum skin dose, usually with one single detector, makes it difficult to perform accurate extremity dosimetry. Sub-group 1 worked out a thorough literature review on extremity dosimetry issues in diagnostic and therapeutic nuclear medicine and positron emission tomography, interventional radiology and interventional cardiology and brachytherapy. Some studies showed that the annual dose limits could be exceeded if the required protection measures are not taken, especially in nuclear medicine. The continuous progress in new applications and techniques requires an important effort in radiation protection and training.

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Occupational Exposure in Nuclear Medicine and PET

Cited by 15 publications

References 3 publications

AAPM Task Group 108: PET and PET/CT Shielding Requirements

AAPM Task Group 108: PET and PET/CT Shielding Requirements

Radiation protection in fixed PET/CT facilities—design and operation

An overview on extremity dosimetry in medical applications

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