Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder as a Disturbance of Security Motivation.

Szechtman, Henry; Woody, Erik Z.

doi:10.1037/0033-295x.111.1.111

Cited by 292 publications

(335 citation statements)

References 146 publications

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“…Considering that, in everyday behaviors, the feeling of doing may constitute an important cue for goal satisfaction and subsequent action closure (Aarts et al, 2005;Szechtman & Woody, 2004;Woody & Szechtman, 2000;Woody et al, 2005), an attenuation of this kind of phenomenal cue could explain why checking individuals frequently experience incompleteness, ''not quite right" feelings and doubts about goal achievement. From this perspective, checking symptoms constitute behavioral adjustments in order to get more convincing (explicit) cues about actual goal completion or to experience a complete feeling of doing (i.e., ''just right feelings").…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Consistently, checking symptoms seem to be specifically related to abnormal action-monitoring, which may lead to inconsistent mismatch signals, in addition to feelings of incompleteness (e.g., Hajcak & Simons, 2002). Furthermore, it has been proposed that individuals' feelings of having an unfulfilled goal, which characterize checking, may be related to the inability to generate an internal signal that normally triggers a basic sense of task completion (Szechtman & Woody, 2004).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 94%

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Feeling of doing in obsessive–compulsive checking

Belayachi

Linden

2010

Consciousness and Cognition

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a b s t r a c tResearch on self-agency emphasizes the importance of a comparing mechanism, which scans for a match between anticipated and actual outcomes, in the subjective experience of doing.This study explored the ''feeling of doing" in individuals with checking symptoms by examining the mechanism involved in the experienced agency for outcomes that matched expectations. This mechanism was explored using a task in which the subliminal priming of potential action-effects (emulating outcome anticipation) generally enhances people's feeling of causing these effects when they occur, due to the unconscious perception of a match between primed and observed outcomes. The main result revealed a negative relationship between checking and self-agency for observed outcomes that were primed prior to actions. This suggests that checking individuals fail to grasp the correspondence between actual outcomes of their actions and expected ones. We discuss the possible role of undermined self-agency in checking phenomena and its relationship with cognitive dysfunction.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 94%

Feeling of doing in obsessive–compulsive checking

Belayachi

Linden

2010

Consciousness and Cognition

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“…Summerfeldt and colleagues posit the existence of two continuous 6 orthogonal core dimensions-harm avoidance and incompleteness-that cut across overt symptoms and, in combination, may underlie most manifestations of OCD (Summerfeldt, Richter, Antony & Swinson, 1999). The intriguing model by Szechtman and Woody (2004) contends that OCD stems from an inability to generate the normal "feeling of knowing" that would otherwise signal task completion and terminate the expression of a security motivational system.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Dysregulated activity in frontostriatal system is proposed to underlie the enhanced response monitoring often observed in patients with OCD (e.g., Brieter et al, 1996;Gehring, Himle, & Nisenson, 2000) and may manifest as persistent "error signals" erroneously prompting the individual to (fruitless) corrective action (Maltby, Tolin, Worhunsky, O'Keefe & Kiehl, 2005;Schwartz, 1999;Szechtman & Woody, 2004;Van Veen & Carter, 2002).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

In search of specificity: “Not just right experiences” and obsessive–compulsive symptoms in non-clinical and clinical Italian individuals

Ghisi

Chiri

Marchetti

et al. 2010

Journal of Anxiety Disorders

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The cognitive model of OCD proposes that certain beliefs may contribute to the development and maintenance of this disorder. To date, however, it is not yet clear which beliefs are more relevant for explaining OCD symptomatology; moreover, their causal status is yet to be clearly established. In the effort to identify other constructs and processes related to OCD, the phenomenon labeled "not just right experiences" (NJREs) has received increasing attention. In this study, measures of NJREs (the NJRE-Q-R), OCD symptoms, general distress (i.e., anxiety, and depression), and perfectionism were administered to a large sample of college students and a small sample of OCD and non-OCD patients. The clinical sample completed also a measure of OC beliefs. Results showed that NJREs could be reliably measured through a self-report format in non-clinical and clinical Italian individuals. A specific association between NJREs severity and OCD symptoms was found in the non-clinical sample, after controlling for anxiety, depression and perfectionism. The NJRE-Q-R Severity scale clearly discriminated OCD patients from patients with other anxiety disorders or depression. Lastly, the NJREs measure differentiated the clinical groups when OC beliefs were controlled, whereas OC beliefs did not discriminate among the groups after NJREs severity was controlled. The concept of NJREs may contribute to improve current psychological and biological model of OCD.

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“…This model was developed on the basis of the theoretical proposition that compulsive behaviors result from a deficit in the feedback associated with the performance of normal goal-directed responses (for review, see Otto, 1992;Szechtman and Woody, 2004). In the model, the goal-directed behavior is lever-pressing for food.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Role of the Striatum in Compulsive Behavior in Intact and Orbitofrontal-Cortex-Lesioned Rats: Possible Involvement of the Serotonergic System

Schilman

Klavir

Winter

et al. 2010

Neuropsychopharmacol

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In the signal attenuation rat model of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), 'compulsive' behavior is induced by attenuating a signal indicating that a lever-press response was effective in producing food. We have recently found that lesions to the rat orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) led to an increase in compulsive lever-pressing that was prevented by systemic administration of the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor paroxetine, and paralleled by an increase in the density of the striatal serotonin transporter. This study further explored the interaction between the OFC, the striatum, and the serotonergic system in the production of compulsive lever-pressing. Experiment 1 revealed that OFC lesions decrease the content of serotonin, dopamine, glutamate, and GABA in the striatum. Experiment 2 showed that intrastriatal administration of paroxetine blocked OFC lesion-induced increased compulsivity, but did not affect compulsive responding in intact rats. Experiments 3 and 4 found that pre-training striatal lesions had no effect on compulsive lever-pressing, whereas post-training striatal inactivation exerted an anticompulsive effect. These results strongly implicate the striatum in the expression of compulsive lever-pressing in both intact and OFC-lesioned rats. Furthermore, the results support the possibility that in a subpopulation of OCD patients a primary pathology of the OFC leads to a dysregulation of the striatal serotonergic system, which is manifested in compulsive behavior, and that antiobsessional/anticompulsive drugs exerts their effects, in these patients, by normalizing the dysfunctional striatal serotonergic system.

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Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder as a Disturbance of Security Motivation.

Cited by 292 publications

References 146 publications

Feeling of doing in obsessive–compulsive checking

Feeling of doing in obsessive–compulsive checking

In search of specificity: “Not just right experiences” and obsessive–compulsive symptoms in non-clinical and clinical Italian individuals

The Role of the Striatum in Compulsive Behavior in Intact and Orbitofrontal-Cortex-Lesioned Rats: Possible Involvement of the Serotonergic System

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