Observations Utilizing Korea Ocean Research Stations and their Applications for Process Studies

Ha, Kyung‐Ja; Nam, SungHyun; Jeong, Jin Yong; Moon, Il‐Ju; Lee, Meehye; Yun, Jin I.; Jang, Chan Joo; Kim, Yong Sun; Byun, Do-Seong; Heo, Ki Young; Shim, Jae-Seol

doi:10.1175/bams-d-18-0305.1

Cited by 34 publications

(32 citation statements)

References 37 publications

(38 reference statements)

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“…Therefore, further case studies on the impact of adjacent typhoon-generated cold wake on TCs and model experiments with cloud-resolving scale resolutions and coupled simulations are needed. To study the typhoons that have recently affected the Korean Peninsula, more practical case studies can be conducted based on the data from the IORS and the Ocean Research Stations that have been built since 2012 [45]. Studies of the dynamic factor and thermodynamics are particularly required in the context of a moistened environment given the global climate.…”

Section: Summary and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…After the interaction between typhoons, Tembin passed through the track of Bolaven, which deflected eastward and minimized its development thereafter (Figure 1a We analyze Tembin when it approaches the Korean Peninsula and Bolaven passes through the Ieodo Ocean Research Station (IORS) and Yellow Sea (YS) buoy observation points. According to the time series of the observed SST, Bolaven approached the IORS and started to decrease its SST observations at 00 UTC on 27 August [45]; the SSTs decreased by about 3 • C, but, after 12 UTC on 27 August, data were missing. At 00 UTC on 29 August, YS buoy SST data indicate an SST reduction of 7 • C and a subsequent recovery of 2 • C (Figure 2a).…”

Section: Case Selection: Typhoon Tembin (1214) and Typhoon Bolaven (1mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effect of Typhoon-Generated Cold Wake on the Subsequent Typhoon Tembin and Its Sensitivity to Horizontal Resolutions

Moon

2019

Atmosphere

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Weather research models have been used to investigate the sensitivity of simulations of Typhoon Tembin (1214) to changes in three horizontal grid spacings and the effect of the cold wake generated by Typhoon Bolaven (1215). We used modified sea surface temperature (SST) to simulate Tembin as it approached after Bolaven had passed through the Ieodo Ocean Research Station and the Yellow Sea buoy in Korea. In the tropical cyclone (TC) tracking experiments, a higher resolution showed the faster and more eastward movement of TCs in all SST conditions. TCs tend to move more eastward at all resolutions particularly when there is a cold wake in their western regions. When there is no cold wake, the intensity of TC is very sensitive to the resolution of the experiment. If a cold wake is maintained on the western and eastern sides, TC intensity is less sensitive to differences in resolution. The precipitation from TCs in the cold wake of the eastern (western) region is lower (higher) than when there is no wake. The TC-generated cold wake significantly affects intensity and movement in cold wake cases in the western region, regardless of horizontal grid, for various reasons.Atmosphere 2019, 10, 644 2 of 18 literature, despite their importance. For example, typhoon-generated cold wakes have been shown to cool SSTs from~3 to 8 • C [29][30][31][32]. In Dare and McBride [33], the cooling effect of an initial typhoon was recovered by just 44% approximately five days following the cooling, and by 88% after 30 days. This cold wake effect impacts the direction and intensity of other typhoons [28,[34][35][36][37][38]. Jeong et al. [34] also considered how the typhoon-induced cold wake of Typhoon Ewiniar (0603; the third typhoon of 2006) inhibited the development of Typhoon Billis (0604; the fourth typhoon of 2006).Typhoon Bolaven (1215) resulted in a decrease of about 10 • C along the coast of Jeollanam-do in the Yellow Sea, and the intensity of Typhoon Tembin (1214) was weakened by the rapidly cooled sea surface [35]. However, Kim et al. [35] only noted the weakened intensity of Tembin in response to the cooling from Bolaven without investigating the processes that led to this weakening. Moon et al. [37] and Heo et al. [38] also studied the change in the track of the following and weakening of Tembin via the cold wake using Bolaven and Tembin and focusing on 10 m wind and changes in the waves caused by a typhoon. The previous studies [34][35][36][37][38] investigated the impact of the changed SST on around region of the following TC. However, there is a lack of understanding of the mechanisms by which the track, intensity, and precipitation of a TC is affected by the SST gradient generated by a typhoon that occurred before it. In this study, we investigate the effect of the Typhoon Bolaven-generated cold wake on the track, intensity, and precipitation of Typhoon Tembin using the potential vorticity tendency (PVT) and vertical structure of potential vorticity (PV). The typhoon was simulated from 27 to 30 August, before Typhoon Tem...

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Section: Summary and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Case Selection: Typhoon Tembin (1214) and Typhoon Bolaven (1mentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Typhoon-Generated Cold Wake on the Subsequent Typhoon Tembin and Its Sensitivity to Horizontal Resolutions

Moon

2019

Atmosphere

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“…The spatiotemporal structure of the ocean response to the typhoon was examined by analyzing the optimally interpolated cloud-free daily satellite products extracted from microwave and infrared SSTs at a spatial resolution of 10 km (Gentemann et al, 2009). The time series of wind, specific humidity, and subsurface temperatures observed at depths of 2, 5, 11, 16, 22, 32, and 37 m at the Ieodo Ocean Research Station (I-ORS; 32°7.4′N, 125°10.9′E constructed at a water depth of 41 m; cross in Figure 1) with a typical sampling interval of 10 min were used to analyze the temporal variations in the vertical thermal structure, surface enthalpy flux, and ocean heat content per unit area (Ha et al, 2019). Since the location of I-ORS is in the cold wake during the typhoon period, the data fairly represent the ocean response in the region.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rapid Decay of Slowly Moving Typhoon Soulik (2018) due to Interactions With the Strongly Stratified Northern East China Sea

Park

Yeo

Lee

et al. 2019

Geophysical Research Letters

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Typhoon Soulik decayed rapidly via two-way interaction with the northern East China Sea, the extratropical shelf region, before landing on the Korean Peninsula on 23 August 2018. In the northern East China Sea, where the water column is strongly stratified with warm surface and cold subsurface waters, a large cold wake emerged with intense sea surface cooling, which is primarily caused by vertical mixing in the water column. This abrupt sea surface cooling rapidly increased the downward enthalpy flux, mostly in the form of latent heat flux. The slow translation speed of Typhoon Soulik and strong thermal stratification in the region transferred its energy into the ocean, as the typhoon had a long residence time over the wake, and consequently led to rapid decay with energy loss to typhoon intensity ratio of −4.4 ± 1.0 hPa (kJ cm −2 ) −1 . Plain Language SummaryUnderstanding and predicting tropical cyclones, including typhoons, are very important for reducing and preventing damages to life and property. In August of 2018, Typhoon Soulik was predicted to make landfall on the Korean Peninsula as a strong cyclone with high winds. However, the typhoon rapidly weakened over the northern East China Sea before making landfall-a failed prediction. This study reveals that the rapid decay was caused by two-way interactions between the typhoon and the ocean on the continental shelf. Strong mixing with cold subsurface water due to the high winds associated with the slowly moving typhoon significantly lowered the sea surface temperature, leading to energy loss into the ocean for a sufficiently long period of time to cause rapid decay. These results provide quantitative evidence of energy exchange between the typhoon and the ocean, which can help to improve forecasts of tropical cyclone intensity particularly in the stratified shelf region. Key Points:• Two-way interactions between stratified ocean and a slowly translating (~2 m s −1 ) tropical cyclone yields rapid decay • Severe (>8°C) sea surface cooling is primarily caused by vertical mixing with cold subsurface water on the extratropical shelf • Rapid decay is driven by downward energy transfer enhanced by Soulik's long (~15-hr) residence time over a large cold wake

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“…The Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology (KIOST) has constructed three steel-framed tower-type Korea Ocean Research Stations (KORS) in the Yellow and East China Seas since 2003 (Figure 1; Ha et al, 2019). The first one is the Ieodo Ocean Research Station (I-ORS) in the northern East China Sea, a boundary between the Yellow Sea and the open ocean.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A chief aim of these stations is to observe the meridional propagation of atmospheric and oceanic signals between the open ocean and the continental shelf. In this view, the I-ORS is pertinent to investigate oceanic signals from the open ocean into the continental shelf focusing on the hydraulic processes of a typhoon, current, internal wave, and riverine discharge (see Ha et al (2019) for detailed information on ongoing researches utilizing the I-ORS). The S-ORS is, however, more suite to investigate continent-induced air-sea interactions in the Yellow Sea and also its intrinsic variability than the I-ORS.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Yellow Sea Monitoring Platform and Its Scientific Applications

et al. 2019

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The Yellow Sea is one of the most productive continental shelves in the world. This large marine ecosystem is experiencing an epochal change in water temperature, stratification, nutrients, and subsequently in ecological diversity. Research-oriented monitoring of these changes requires a sustainable, multidisciplinary approach. For this purpose, the Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology (KIOST) constructed the Socheongcho Ocean Research Station (S-ORS), a steel-framed tower-type platform, in the central Yellow Sea about 50 km off the western coast of the Korean Peninsula. This station is equipped with about forty sensors for interdisciplinary oceanographic observations. Since its construction in 2014, this station has continuously conducted scientific observations and provided qualified time series: physical oceanographic variables such as temperature, salinity, sea level pressure, wave, and current; biogeochemical variables such as chlorophyll-a, photosynthetically active radiation, and total suspended particles; atmospheric variables including air temperature, wind, greenhouse gasses, and air particles including black carbon. A prime advantage is that this platform has provided stable facilities including a wet lab where scientists can stay and experiment on in situ water samples. Several studies are in process to understand and characterize the evolution of environmental signals, including airsea interaction, marine ecosystems, wave detection, and total suspended particles in the central Yellow Sea. This paper provides an overview of the research facilities, maintenance, observations, scientific achievements, and next steps of the S-ORS with highlighting this station as an open lab for interdisciplinary collaboration on multiscale process studies.

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Observations Utilizing Korea Ocean Research Stations and their Applications for Process Studies

Cited by 34 publications

References 37 publications

Effect of Typhoon-Generated Cold Wake on the Subsequent Typhoon Tembin and Its Sensitivity to Horizontal Resolutions

Effect of Typhoon-Generated Cold Wake on the Subsequent Typhoon Tembin and Its Sensitivity to Horizontal Resolutions

Rapid Decay of Slowly Moving Typhoon Soulik (2018) due to Interactions With the Strongly Stratified Northern East China Sea

A Yellow Sea Monitoring Platform and Its Scientific Applications

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