Effect of Typhoon-Generated Cold Wake on the Subsequent Typhoon Tembin and Its Sensitivity to Horizontal Resolutions

Abstract

Weather research models have been used to investigate the sensitivity of simulations of Typhoon Tembin (1214) to changes in three horizontal grid spacings and the effect of the cold wake generated by Typhoon Bolaven (1215). We used modified sea surface temperature (SST) to simulate Tembin as it approached after Bolaven had passed through the Ieodo Ocean Research Station and the Yellow Sea buoy in Korea. In the tropical cyclone (TC) tracking experiments, a higher resolution showed the faster and more eastward movement of TCs in all SST conditions. TCs tend to move more eastward at all resolutions particularly when there is a cold wake in their western regions. When there is no cold wake, the intensity of TC is very sensitive to the resolution of the experiment. If a cold wake is maintained on the western and eastern sides, TC intensity is less sensitive to differences in resolution. The precipitation from TCs in the cold wake of the eastern (western) region is lower (higher) than when there is no wake. The TC-generated cold wake significantly affects intensity and movement in cold wake cases in the western region, regardless of horizontal grid, for various reasons.Atmosphere 2019, 10, 644 2 of 18 literature, despite their importance. For example, typhoon-generated cold wakes have been shown to cool SSTs from~3 to 8 • C [29][30][31][32]. In Dare and McBride [33], the cooling effect of an initial typhoon was recovered by just 44% approximately five days following the cooling, and by 88% after 30 days. This cold wake effect impacts the direction and intensity of other typhoons [28,[34][35][36][37][38]. Jeong et al. [34] also considered how the typhoon-induced cold wake of Typhoon Ewiniar (0603; the third typhoon of 2006) inhibited the development of Typhoon Billis (0604; the fourth typhoon of 2006).Typhoon Bolaven (1215) resulted in a decrease of about 10 • C along the coast of Jeollanam-do in the Yellow Sea, and the intensity of Typhoon Tembin (1214) was weakened by the rapidly cooled sea surface [35]. However, Kim et al. [35] only noted the weakened intensity of Tembin in response to the cooling from Bolaven without investigating the processes that led to this weakening. Moon et al. [37] and Heo et al. [38] also studied the change in the track of the following and weakening of Tembin via the cold wake using Bolaven and Tembin and focusing on 10 m wind and changes in the waves caused by a typhoon. The previous studies [34][35][36][37][38] investigated the impact of the changed SST on around region of the following TC. However, there is a lack of understanding of the mechanisms by which the track, intensity, and precipitation of a TC is affected by the SST gradient generated by a typhoon that occurred before it. In this study, we investigate the effect of the Typhoon Bolaven-generated cold wake on the track, intensity, and precipitation of Typhoon Tembin using the potential vorticity tendency (PVT) and vertical structure of potential vorticity (PV). The typhoon was simulated from 27 to 30 August, before Typhoon Tem...

Observational evidence of overlooked downwelling induced by tropical cyclones in the open ocean

“…Negative wind stress curl-induced Ekman pumping and surface flow convergence are the two major processes causing downwelling during and after a TC. This presents a broad view of the possible changes in the thermal structure of the upper ocean in the aftermath of a TC, which could in turn significantly impact oceanic preconditioning and subsequently affect the intensity of upcoming TCs 57 , 58 . Coupled ocean–atmosphere models improve TC forecasts significantly by incorporating the ocean impact into the model, which is particularly notable in slow-moving TC cases 59 , 60 .…”

Abnormal Activities of Tropical Cyclones in 2019 Over the Korean Peninsula

“…In particular, the SST gradient affects the TC track and evolution, and the intensity of TC (Chang & Madala, 1980; Choi et al., 2013; Moon & Ha, 2019). In addition, many previous studies have examined large‐scale factors (e.g., upper tropospheric jet stream, strong vertical wind shear, SST gradient, and western North Pacific (WNP) high) affecting TC activity and track over mid‐latitudes in the WNP (Ho et al., 2009; Ho & Kim, 2011; Kim, Ho, & Sui, 2005; Kim, Sui, & Park, 2005; Moon & Ha, 2019). Particularly, with respect to the KP, several previous studies have investigated the volatility of long‐term trends, the relationship between TCs and the abovementioned factors affecting the TC activity and tracks, and its economic effects (Choi & Kim, 2019; Choi & Moon, 2012; Goh & Chan, 2012; Ho & Kim, 2011; Kim et al., 2019; Lee et al., 2019; Park et al., 2011, 2015).…”

“…The major factors influencing TC tracks include sea surface temperature (SST), steering flow, beta effect, baroclinic forcing (such as ambient vertical shear and convective heating), and binary interaction (Chan, 2005; Wang et al., 1998). In particular, the SST gradient affects the TC track and evolution, and the intensity of TC (Chang & Madala, 1980; Choi et al., 2013; Moon & Ha, 2019). In addition, many previous studies have examined large‐scale factors (e.g., upper tropospheric jet stream, strong vertical wind shear, SST gradient, and western North Pacific (WNP) high) affecting TC activity and track over mid‐latitudes in the WNP (Ho et al., 2009; Ho & Kim, 2011; Kim, Ho, & Sui, 2005; Kim, Sui, & Park, 2005; Moon & Ha, 2019).…”

Characteristics and Causes of Extreme Rainfall Induced by Binary Tropical Cyclones over China

“…Numerous previous studies have examined devastating typhoons like those mentioned above, and found that the anomalous tracks and extreme rainstorms of TCs can be caused by the interaction of two typhoons, together referred to as a binary tropical cyclone (BTC) (Wu et al 2012;Zhou et al 2014;Fan et al 2014;Xu and Du 2015;Yu et al 2015;Xie et al 2016;Yu and Su-brahmanyam 2017;Moon and Ha 2019). BTC interaction, also known as the "Fujiwara effect", refers to the phenomenon of two cyclonic vortices, which are situated close to each other, simultaneously performing a mutual counterclockwise spin and gradually moving closer to each other (Fujiwhara 1921(Fujiwhara , 1923(Fujiwhara , 1931.…”