Observations on the Physiology of Psychrophilism in a Yeast

Baxter, R. M.; Gibbons, N. E.

doi:10.1139/m62-066

Cited by 48 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 5 publications

(1 reference statement)

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“…The fermentation rate for the psychrophile decreased 37y0 as the te~nperature \\-as lowered from 25" to 10 "C compared to a reduction of 72% for the mesophile. This greater insensitivity of the psychrophilic yeast to decreases in temperature appears to be a general phenomenon and has been observed for glucose metabolism with other psychrophilic yeasts (1,5) and \vith psychrophilic bacteria (4,10,21,22).…”

Section: Effect Of Temperatz~re On the Ferme7ztation Of Glucosesupporting

confidence: 57%

Obligately Psychrophilic Yeasts From the Polar Regions

Sinclair¹,

Stokes²

1965

Can. J. Microbiol.

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Sixty-seven pure cultures of psychrophilic bacteria and yeasts were isolated from polar ice, snow, soil, and other materials. Low tenlperatures were maintained during all phases of the isolation procedure to avoid possible destruction of obligate psychrophiles. Four of the cultures, all yeasts, proved t o be obligate psychrophiles. Three are species of Candida and one of Torzdopsis. They grew in the range of 0 "C to 20 "C and the optimurn growth temperature ~v a s 15 "C. They died rapidly when exposed to telnperatures of 30 "C or SO "C.T h e rate of fermentation of glucose by psychrophilic Candidrr sp. P16 was higher than that of rnesophilic Saccharonzyces cereuisiae a t temperatures below 25 "C. At and above 25 "C, this rate relationship was reversed and a t 35 "C all fermentative activity of the psychrophilic yeast was destroyed while that of the lnesophile was maximal. Oxidative activity of Ca7rdida sp. P16 was much less sensitive to 35 "C, \vhich suggests that fermentation and oxidation proceed by different pathways.T h e extent of occurrence of obligately psychrophilic microorganisms in nature is discussed.

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Section: Effect Of Temperatz~re On the Ferme7ztation Of Glucosesupporting

confidence: 57%

Obligately Psychrophilic Yeasts From the Polar Regions

Sinclair¹,

Stokes²

1965

Can. J. Microbiol.

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“…It has been shown that the transport of a variety of substrates is greatly reduced if specific binding proteins are released from the cell of gram negative bacteria b y osmotic shock (COSTERTON et al 1974). BAXTER and GIBBONS (1962) have suggested that a temperature-dependent transport system may be responsible for the minimum growth temperature of Candida lipolytica. We believe that one of the basic reasons for the minimum temperature for growth of an organism is the inability of the binding proteins of the cell to bind substrates.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…coli may involve the inability of ribosomal subunits to bind mRNA a t temperatures below the minimum. For Candida l i plytica, BAXTER and GIBBONS (1962) suggested that the transport of substrate into the yeast is temperature-dependent. The inability to transport substrate a t the organism's minimum growth temperature could be the basis for cessation of growth.…”

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confidence: 99%

Low temperature inhibition on binding, transport, and incorporation of leucine, arginine, methionine, and histidine in Escherichia coli

Goodrich

Morita

1977

J of Basic Microbiology

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A multiple amino acid auxotroph and a wild type of Escherichia colk K12 were used to study the effects of near minimum growth temperatures on the binding, transport, and cellular incorporation of selected amino acids. Both strains of the bacterium showed the same minimum growth temperature (8 "C) when previously grown at 15 "C. At 8 "C and above, the auxotroph exhibited an overall greater ability to bind and transport amino acids than did the wild type. Below the minimum growth temperature, transport and cellular incorporation including respiration (uptake) were significantly lower for either organism. The NEU and HEPPEL osmotic shock treatment indicated the removal of the specific histidine-binding protein and the ability to bind histidine was not recovered by further incubation below 8 O C . A t 8 "C and above, the cells recovered their ability to bind histidine within one hour. The evidence presented indicates a direct relationship between the auxotroph's minimum growth temperature and its ability to bind amino acids, specifically methionine.The temperature range of growth for microorganisms extends from below 0 "C to greater than 80 "C. Any one species, however, can generally grow only over a maximum range of 40 "C and some psychrophiles, having a maximum growth temperature below 20 "C, may have a considerably narrower temperature range of growth. The determining biochemical or physical factor(s) which limit the growth of all microorganisms to a specific minimum and maximum temperature are not understood.I n contrast t o some thermophiles, neither macromolecular synthesis nor fatty acid composition are involved in limiting the temperature range of growth of Escherichia coli (SHAW and INaRAHAM 1965, 1967). However, DAS and GOLDSTEIN (1968) suggested that the minimum growth temperature for E . coli may involve the inability of ribosomal subunits to bind mRNA a t temperatures below the minimum. For Candida l i plytica, BAXTER and GIBBONS (1962) suggested that the transport of substrate into the yeast is temperature-dependent. The inability to transport substrate a t the organism's minimum growth temperature could be the basis for cessation of growth.This investigation deals with the transport of labelled (I4C) amino acids into E . coli below, at, and above the organism's minimum growth temperature t o help elucidate the physiological basis for the minimum growth temperature. Materials and methodsBacterial strains and cell preparation: Escherichia coli K12 strains UC175, a wild type, and UC41(leu2, lacl, gal, hid, aryG-6, met, mal, xyl. strr, Ar), an auxotroph, were obtained from Dr. LYLE BROWN, Department of Microbiology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon. The strains were maintained on nutrient agar (DIFCO) slants. For experimental purposes, the cells were grown in nutrient broth (DIFCO) a t 15 "C on a reciprocating shaker. The cells were harvested by centri-

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“…However, since then, there have been several reports of yeasts and bacteria which fit the more restrictive definition (1,8,18,23). Baxter and Gibbons (1) have suggested that this definition be retained for psychrophiles while the other group of microorganisms that are able t o grow a t low temperatures be regarded as merely cold tolerant.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…No investigation of the problem has yet been undertaken in the fungi. In other microorganisms some studies have been made of individual enzymes (17,25), uptake of sugars (1,3,21), and the degrees of unsaturation of fatty acids (12,13,16,22), but no general conclusions have been reached.…”

Section: --mentioning

confidence: 99%

Preliminary Studies of the Physiology of Sclerotinia Borealis, a Highly Psychrophilic Fungus

Ward¹

1966

Can. J. Bot.

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X study was made of the influence of temperature on growth and oxygen uptake by Sclerotinin borealis Bub. and Vleug. Growth was measured as the increase in diameter of colonies on agar media and oxygen uptake, by conventional manometric procedures with cells removed from shake cultures incubated a t 0 OC.The results indicated that the fungus is highly psychrophilic with an o p t i n~u~n temperature for growth a t 0 OC, a maximum a t approximately 15 "C, and a lninimurn below -5 "C. C u l t~~r e s grown a t 0 "C ceased to grow when transferred to temperatures above 15 OC but, within limits, resumed growth again after a lag when returned to 0 OC. The length of the lag period was proportional to both the degree and the duration of the temperature elevation.The opti~nirtn temperature for oxygen uptake was 25 "C, the rate remaining linear a t this temperature during a 6-hour incubation period. The rate a t 25 "C declined slowly over a period of 4 days but the rate a t 1 OC declined to a similar degree. The QIO for oxygen uptake was very low, the rate a t 25 "C being only double that a t 1 OC.

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Observations on the Physiology of Psychrophilism in a Yeast

Cited by 48 publications

References 5 publications

Obligately Psychrophilic Yeasts From the Polar Regions

Obligately Psychrophilic Yeasts From the Polar Regions

Low temperature inhibition on binding, transport, and incorporation of leucine, arginine, methionine, and histidine in Escherichia coli

Preliminary Studies of the Physiology of Sclerotinia Borealis, a Highly Psychrophilic Fungus

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