“…Other causes of CVI include: shunt failure 10 (which can lead to ischemia and occipital lobe infarction), infections (bacterial meningitis 1 , encephalitis 25 , meningitis/encephalitis 2 , congenital toxoplasmosis, and neonatal herpes simplex 10 ), antenatal use of cocaine and amphetamines by the mother 11 , metabolic disease (most of the neurodegenerative diseases have the potential to disrupt cortical vision) 26,27 , complications of cardiac treatment (CVI has been reported after cardiac arrest and open heart surgery) 1,24 , twin pregnancy 1,28 , epilepsy 29 , and CNS developmental defects 29 (lissencephaly, holoprosencephaly, and schizencephaly). CVI is virtually always associated with other serious neurological abnormalities 2,7,11,30,31 . Whiting and coworkers 25 found evidence of abnormal cognitive development, cerebral palsy (CP), seizures, microcephaly, hydrocephalus, sensorineural hearing loss, myelomeningocoele, and progressive CNS degeneration in children with CVI.…”