Observations on the chemical composition of rain using short sampling times during a single event

Seymour, Michael D.; Stout, Thomas J.

doi:10.1016/0004-6981(83)90301-3

Cited by 50 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…Kins (1982) came to the same conclusion when studying middle European rain. Studies by Seymour et al (1983) in the U.S. also support this finding. Finally, the findings of the analysis of the elemental composition of single particles based on one sample are presented.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 76%

Rainwater composition over a rural area with special emphasis on the size distribution of insoluble particulate matter

Schütz

Krämer

1987

J Atmos Chem

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The rainwater composition in the vicinity of Mainz, FRG, has been investigated with special emphasis on insoluble constituents. The number size distribution was determined in the range from 0.1 p_m up to 100 ~m radius. For particles with r>0.5 lain radius the shape of the size distribution of insoluble particles in rain follows the shape of the average urban and rural aerosol. In this particular size range no major size selective removal processes could be seen, For r<0.5 ~tm the number size distribution tends to flatten compared to the average aerosol. This might be the indication of a size selective removal process (Greenfield Gap's.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 76%

Rainwater composition over a rural area with special emphasis on the size distribution of insoluble particulate matter

Schütz

Krämer

1987

J Atmos Chem

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“…faster,' but those authors do not indicate whether the difference between b SO 4 2− and NO 3 − derived from their data is statistically significant. Very similar scavenging efficiencies for SO 4 2− and NO 3 − (as implied by our data) is also supported by research conducted in western Michigan, USA (Seymour & Stout, 1983). The derived uncertainty in b for all the ions studied here are relatively high (Table II) in response to the stochastic nature of precipitation processes and the relatively low number of events sampled.…”

Section: Table IIsupporting

confidence: 82%

“…While each precipitation event is unique, in general theoretical considerations and previous observations have indicated significant enrichment in the initial stages of precipitation events and in light precipitation events (e.g., Asman, Jonker, Slanina, & Baard, 1982;Burch, Waldner, & Fritschi, 1996;Claassen & Halm, 1995b;Kennedy, Zellweger, & Avanzino, 1979;Khare et al, 1996;Kins, 1982;Lim, Jickells, & Davies, 1991;Mizak et al, 2005;Pryor & Barthelmie, 2005;Radojevic & Lim, 1995;Seto et al, 2002;Seymour & Stout, 1983). Data collected during five precipitation events (all summertime liquid phase events) in the northeastern USA indicate up to 50% of the total sulfate (SO 4 2− ) and nitrate (NO 3 − ) deposition can occur during the first 15%-20% of the total rainfall and that after a precipitation depth of 4.6 mm ion concentrations tend to asymptote to a constant value for the remainder of the event (Seymour & Stout, 1983). Equally, data collected during 13 thunderstorms in the Altal-valley in Switzerland showed "28% of the total load of elements and nutrients was washed out in the first 5 mm of a rain-event" (Burch et al, 1996).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Evolution of the Concentration of Inorganic Ions during the Initial Stages of Precipitation Events

Pryor

Spaulding

Rauwolf

2006

Water Air Soil Pollut

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Ion concentrations in relatively low-intensity precipitation were measured in southern Indiana, USA and are presented as a function of their temporal evolution during individual precipitation events with a specific focus on the first 30 min of those events. These data indicate that during individual rain events potassium concentrations in precipitation may decline by up to 70%-80% in the first 30 min of the event. The other ions exhibited less rapid concentration declines during this event which are in rank order (highest to lowest); sodium, chloride, magnesium, nitrate, calcium, sulfate and ammonium. There is some evidence that the initial declines for precipitation accumulations up to 2 mm in the concentration of chloride, calcium and sulfate in precipitation more closely approximate a power-law dependency on precipitation depth than the commonly applied exponential form which, if confirmed, may have implications for efforts to correct flux networks for under-sampling due to delay in sample collection. Scavenging coefficients (b) derived using an exponential relationship over entire events for sodium, chloride, nitrate, calcium, sulfate and ammonium indicate highest values for sodium and lowest for ammonium, but the uncertainty bounds on ion-specific values of b are sufficiently large that they are statistically indistinguishable.

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“…Influence of these scavenging processes is evident in changes of concentration of the ionic components in rainwater. This decrease in constituents concentration during rain events has also been observed by other authors (Seymour and Stout, 1983;Ahmed et al, 1990;Lim et al, 1991;Báez et al, 1993), and it has been attributed to several possible effects: within cloud scavenging, dilution with cloud droplet growth, below cloud scavenging, evaporation and evaporation followed by accumulation of aerosol particle aloft and precipitation of these accumulated particles.…”

Section: Sequential Samplingsupporting

confidence: 51%

Chemical composition of precipitation at coastal and marine sampling sites in Mexico

Cerón

Química²,

Zavala³

et al. 2013

Global NEST Journal

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In the other hand, in Puerto Morelos, during sampling campaign performed at the end of the mid-summer drought, NO 3 -levels were the highest and also higher than SO 4 2-concentrations, exceeding background level; and pH values observed were low. Excluding, Puerto Morelos, where other sources influenced the rain chemistry composition; all remaining sampling sites were clearly influenced by marine aerosol, showing ionic concentrations typical of sites with a minimal anthropogenic influence, and therefore, their ionic concentrations can be considered as representative of background values for this region. KEY WORDS:Tropical oceanic rain; coastal rainwater chemistry; Mexico. INTRODUCTIONTemporal and spatial trends in precipitation chemistry are affected by seasonal variations in biogenic emissions, local agricultural practices, long-range transport, local meteorology, marine salt, and episodes like hurricanes and volcanic activity. In coastal sites, sea-salt aerosol dominates precipitation chemistry, accounting for 95-100% of Na

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Observations on the chemical composition of rain using short sampling times during a single event

Cited by 50 publications

References 10 publications

Rainwater composition over a rural area with special emphasis on the size distribution of insoluble particulate matter

Rainwater composition over a rural area with special emphasis on the size distribution of insoluble particulate matter

Evolution of the Concentration of Inorganic Ions during the Initial Stages of Precipitation Events

Chemical composition of precipitation at coastal and marine sampling sites in Mexico

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