Observation of dynamical fermionization

Wilson, Joshua M.; Malvania, Neel; Le, Yuan; Zhang, Yicheng; Rigol, Marcos; Weiss, David S.

doi:10.1126/science.aaz0242

Cited by 89 publications

(88 citation statements)

References 42 publications

(78 reference statements)

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“…[49,60]). The MDF is in general much narrower than the distribution of quasimomenta [27,[61][62][63][64][65][66][67], which are the conserved quantities characterizing the integrable many-body system. As a result of the single-body dephasing derived from the anharmonicity of confinement, the 1D densities decrease and asymptotically approach one-fourth to one-third of the initial values.…”

Section: Stage Ib: Dynamics Of the Momentum Distribution Function At mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The relation between both distributions is not straightforward. There is no general analytic approach to calculate the MDF in the Lieb-Liniger model, and only numerical methods were for example applied in [27,[61][62][63][64][65][66][67]. Within the scope of this paper, we use an estimation of the MDF as outlined in Appendix C instead of an exact numerical calculation.…”

Section: Stage Ii: Relaxation Towards a Gaussian (Thermal) Momentum Dmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Relaxation of bosons in one dimension and the onset of dimensional crossover

Zhou

Mazets

et al. 2020

SciPost Phys.

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We study ultra-cold bosons out of equilibrium in a one-dimensional (1D) setting and probe the breaking of integrability and the resulting relaxation at the onset of the crossover from one to three dimensions. In a quantum Newton's cradle type experiment, we excite the atoms to oscillate and collide in an array of 1D tubes and observe the evolution for up to 4.8 seconds (400 oscillations) with minimal heating and loss. By investigating the dynamics of the longitudinal momentum distribution function and the transverse excitation, we observe and quantify a two-stage relaxation process. In the initial stage single-body dephasing reduces the 1D densities, thus rapidly drives the 1D gas out of the quantum degenerate regime. The momentum distribution function asymptotically approaches the distribution of quasimomenta (rapidities), which are conserved in an integrable system. In the subsequent long time evolution, the 1D gas slowly relaxes towards thermal equilibrium through the collisions with transversely excited atoms. Moreover, we tune the dynamics in the dimensional crossover by initializing the evolution with different imprinted longitudinal momenta (energies). The dynamical evolution towards the relaxed state is quantitatively described by a semiclassical molecular dynamics simulation.

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Section: Stage Ib: Dynamics Of the Momentum Distribution Function At mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Stage Ii: Relaxation Towards a Gaussian (Thermal) Momentum Dmentioning

confidence: 99%

Relaxation of bosons in one dimension and the onset of dimensional crossover

Zhou

Mazets

et al. 2020

SciPost Phys.

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“…After a sufficiently long expansion time t 1D the atoms are propagating freely and their velocities are nothing but the rapidities. Thus, measuring the velocity distribution at t 1D amounts to measuring the rapidity distribution, as has been very recently done for a Lieb-Liniger gas in the hard core regime [42]. Note that the atoms' velocity distribution is not conserved by the dynamics and the initial velocity distribution is different from the rapidity distribution.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

The effect of atom losses on the distribution of rapidities in the one-dimensional Bose gas

2020

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We theoretically investigate the effect of atom losses in the one-dimensional (1D) Bose gas with repulsive contact interactions, a famous quantum integrable system also known as the Lieb-Liniger gas. The generic case of KK-body losses (K=1,2,3,\dotsK=1,2,3,…) is considered. We assume that the loss rate is much smaller than the rate of intrinsic relaxation of the system, so that at any time the state of the system is captured by its rapidity distribution (or, equivalently, by a Generalized Gibbs Ensemble). We give the equation governing the time evolution of the rapidity distribution and we propose a general numerical procedure to solve it. In the asymptotic regimes of vanishing repulsion – where the gas behaves like an ideal Bose gas – and hard-core repulsion – where the gas is mapped to a non-interacting Fermi gas –, we derive analytic formulas. In the latter case, our analytic result shows that losses affect the rapidity distribution in a non-trivial way, the time derivative of the rapidity distribution being both non-linear and non-local in rapidity space.

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“…whereâ p = dx e ipx/ Ψ (x) is the annihilation operator of a particle with momentum p. In a harmonic trap, it has been calculated [33,37,38] and measured [4,39] and shown to display the following features. The peak at small momenta shrinks due to interactions and a tail develops (this is actually true for any value of the interaction parameter and not only in the Tonks-Girardeau limit).…”

Section: Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

Full counting statistics of the momentum occupation numbers of the Tonks-Girardeau gas

et al. 2020

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We compute the fluctuations of the number of bosons with a given momentum for the Tonks-Girardeau gas at zero and finite temperature in a harmonic trap. We show that correlations between opposite momentum states p, which is an important fingerprint of long range order in weakly interacting Bose systems are suppressed. Non trivial correlations, including negative correlations are observed for momenta smaller or of the order of the inverse radius of the gas. The full distribution of the number of bosons with momentum p exhibits an interesting crossover from a non trivial distribution at zero momentum to an exponential distribution. The distribution of the quasi-condensate occupation is also studied. Experimental relevance of our findings for recent cold atoms experiments are discussed.

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Observation of dynamical fermionization

Cited by 89 publications

References 42 publications

Relaxation of bosons in one dimension and the onset of dimensional crossover

Relaxation of bosons in one dimension and the onset of dimensional crossover

The effect of atom losses on the distribution of rapidities in the one-dimensional Bose gas

Full counting statistics of the momentum occupation numbers of the Tonks-Girardeau gas

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