Observation of Canine Meibomian Gland with Noncontact-Type Meibography

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ObjectiveTo investigate meibomian gland (MG) morphology by noncontact infrared meibography in Shih Tzu dogs with or without keratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS).ProceduresFourteen eyes of 12 Shih Tzu dogs (mean age of 10.7 years, range of 7‐13 years) presented to Yakumo Animal Hospital or Triangle Animal Eye Clinic from 2011 to 2017 with clinical signs and a Schirmer tear test (STT) result consistent with KCS (<10 mm/min) were examined. Twenty‐eight eyes of 16 Shih Tzu dogs (mean age of 12.4 years, range of 8 to 15 years) with a STT > 15 mm/min served as healthy controls. Both groups of dogs underwent routine slitlamp biomicroscopy followed by noncontact infrared meibography of the upper eyelid with both desktop‐type and mobile‐type systems.ResultsMeibography revealed morphological abnormalities of MGs in 13 eyes of 11 dogs with KCS. The abnormalities included gland shortening in 64% and gland dropout in 64% of the 14 eyes in the KCS group. Morphological changes were also observed in MGs of 16 eyes of 10 dogs in the control group. These changes included shortening in 46% and dropout in 17.8% of the 28 eyes in the control group. Dropout was significantly more common in eyes with KCS than in control eyes (P < 0.01).ConclusionsThe frequency of MG abnormalities is increased in Shih Tzus with KCS compared with control animals. A reduced quality of the tear film associated with increased evaporation and reduced retention of tear fluid likely exacerbates the effects of a reduced tear volume in animals with aqueous deficiency.

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 60%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 79%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Assessment of meibomian gland morphology by noncontact infrared meibography in Shih Tzu dogs with or without keratoconjunctivitis sicca

Kitamura

Maehara

Nakade

et al. 2019

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“…[43][44][45] This important finding could be explained by three main factors: breed-related conformation, low conjunctival goblet cell density (reduced pre-ocular mucins) 16 and meibomian gland dysfunction (altered tear film lipids). 12,46 First, several anatomical features of Shih Tzu eyes (e.g., exophthalmos, macropalpebral fissure, and lagophthalmos) promote tear film evaporation owing to excessive exposure of the ocular surface. Second, a study by Lima et al showed reduced goblet cell density in the conjunctiva of Shih Tzu dogs when compared with previous reports.…”

Section: F I G U R E 3 Meanmentioning

confidence: 99%

An eye on the Shih Tzu dog: Ophthalmic examination findings and ocular surface diagnostics

Sebbag

Silva

Santos

et al. 2022

Objective To characterize the ocular surface parameters and determine the prevalence of ocular pathology in Shih Tzu dogs. Animal Studied Fifty Shih Tzu dogs (28 male, 22 female). Procedures Each dog underwent a complete ophthalmic examination (recording any pathology) and a series of diagnostics, allowing for a 10 min‐interval between tests: intraocular pressure (IOP), blink rate, palpebral fissure length (PFL), corneal tactile sensation (CTS), Schirmer tear test and nasolacrimal reflex without (STT‐1, NL‐STT1) and with topical anesthesia (STT‐2, NL‐STT2), tear ferning, strip meniscometry test (SMT), tear film breakup time (TFBUT), and punctate fluorescein staining (PFS) of the cornea. Results Mean ± SD test values were as follows: IOP (17.9 ± 3.7 mmHg), blink rate (2.4 ± 1.4 blinks/min), PFL (23.8 ± 1.8 mm), CTS (1.8 ± 0.7 cm), STT‐1 (22.0 ± 5.5 mm/min), NL‐STT1 (24.2 ± 4.7 mm/min), STT‐2 (16.9 ± 6.5 mm/min), NL‐STT2 (18.5 ± 7.5 mm/min), SMT (7.5 ± 3.5 mm/5 s), TFBUT (5.3 ± 2.4 s), tear ferning (1.3 ± 0.7), and PFS (1.6 ± 0.6). PFL was significantly greater in male vs. female Shih Tzus (p< .001). Age was negatively correlated with TFBUT results (r = −0.31, p = .027). Lagophthalmos was observed in 82% eyes. Ocular surface pathology was common, including adnexal abnormalities (100% eyes with caruncular trichiasis and medial lower lid entropion) and corneal opacification (27% pigmentation, 20% fibrosis, 12% neovascularization). Conclusions Qualitative tear film deficiency (low TFBUT), along with several anatomical abnormalities that promote ocular irritation and reduce globe protection, together help explain the concerningly high prevalence of ocular surface disease in the Shih Tzu breed. Prophylactic measures (e.g., medial canthoplasty, topical lubrication) could be considered to improve ocular health in Shih Tzus.

Histopathologic changes associated with Meibomian Gland dropout in a dog

Kitamura

Arita

Miwa

et al. 2020

PurposeTo perform histopathologic analysis of tissue manifesting meibomian gland dropout on noncontact infrared meibography in a dog.MethodsA 14‐year‐old intact male Cairn terrier was evaluated at Triangle Animal Eye Clinic for dense corneal opacity of the right eye. A complete ocular examination was performed, including slit‐lamp biomicroscopy, tonometry, and noncontact meibography. Pigmentary glaucoma with elevation of intraocular pressure was diagnosed, and meibography revealed morphological changes suggestive of gland dropout in the middle of the upper right eyelid.ResultsThe globe was enucleated by the transpalpebral method, and palpebral tissue was subjected to histopathologic analysis. The analysis revealed an almost complete loss of meibomian gland structure accompanied by slight enlargement and proliferation of fibroblasts as well as by infiltration of plasma cells and lymphocytes.ConclusionsMeibomian gland dropout as detected by meibography can be associated with chronic inflammation.