Assessment of meibomian gland morphology by noncontact infrared meibography in Shih Tzu dogs with or without keratoconjunctivitis sicca

Kitamura, Yasunari; Maehara, Seiya; Nakade, Tetsuya; Miwa, Yukihiro; Arita, Reiko; Iwashita, Hiroko; Saito, Akihiko

doi:10.1111/vop.12645

Cited by 15 publications

(35 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…However, it remains controversial as a definitive diagnostic method for MGD in human medicine, as it may be insufficient to assess meibomian gland function with meibography alone 2 . In veterinary medicine, some studies have utilised meibography to assess gland atrophy in dogs 3,39 . However, no study has evaluated the relationship between meibomian gland atrophy detected by meibography and lid margin abnormalities seen in MGD.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Evaluation of ocular surface parameters in dogs with and without meibomian gland dysfunction

et al. 2022

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Background: Interest in meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD) is growing in veterinary medicine. However, research on MGD in dogs is lacking. The aims of this study were to compare the interferometry grades, tear meniscus height (TMH) and non-invasive tear break-up time (NIBUT) grades between dogs with and without MGD. Methods: Routine ophthalmic examination, interferometry, NIBUT assessment, TMH measurement and meibography were performed. Age and Schirmer tear test-1 (STT-1) results were compared between the control and MGD groups using Student's t-test. Interferometry grades, NIBUT grades and TMH were compared between the two groups using Mann-Whitney U-test. Results: There was no significant difference in age between the two groups (p = 0.279). STT-1 (p = 0.024), interferometry (p = 0.004) and NIBUT grades (p = 0.012) were significantly lower in the MGD group than in the control group. No significant difference in TMH values (p = 0.587) was observed between the two groups. While the control group included 18 and seven eyes in meiboscore 0 and 1, in MGD group, 12, eight, five and three eyes were included in meiboscore 0, 1, 2 and 3, respectively. Conclusions: Low interferometry and NIBUT grades were associated with MGD, suggesting decreased meibum and disrupted tear film quality. TMH did not differ between the two groups. Meibography could aid in the diagnosis of MGD in severe cases, although it could not detect early MGD in the dogs in this study.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…2 In veterinary medicine, some studies have utilised meibography to assess gland atrophy in dogs. 3,39 However, no study has evaluated the relationship between meibomian gland atrophy detected by meibography and lid margin abnormalities seen in MGD. MGD starts with hyperkeratinisation of the lid margin.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of ocular surface parameters in dogs with and without meibomian gland dysfunction

et al. 2022

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“…The most relevant was gland dropout, that was significantly more common in eyes with KCS than in control eyes. Considering that meibomian glands play an important role in the production of the lipid layer of the tear film, its reduced quality is associated with increased evaporation of tear fluid, which likely exacerbates the effects of a quantitative tear deficiency [ 12 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…4 A one-year-old male French Bulldog after surgical correction of the Brachycephalic Ocular Syndrome. A bilateral medial cantoplasty was performed to shorten the eyelid fissure, correcting the lagophthalmia, addressing caruncular trichiasis and correcting the bilateral medial entropion, preserving the lacrimal puncta to avoid epiphora in the future evaporation of tear fluid, which likely exacerbates the effects of a quantitative tear deficiency [12].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Clinical signs of brachycephalic ocular syndrome in 93 dogs

2021

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Background Brachycephalic breeds have anatomical skull changes that are responsible for ocular clinical signs, known as the brachycephalic ocular syndrome (BOS). Their popularity has increased in recent years but the excessive pressure of selection lead to extreme conformation of skull shapes, resulting in facial alterations that can put these dogs’ vision at risk. Objectives This study aimed to analyse the ocular disorders in a sample of 93 brachycephalic dogs to better characterize the disease complex BOS. Material and methods Brachycephalic dogs were submitted to a complete ophthalmological examination. The studied parameters included animal’s sex, age and breed, age, ophthalmological tests performed, results of complementary exams, clinical signs, ocular disorders, treatment protocols and their outcomes. Data were organized using Microsoft Office Excel 2007® and statistical analysis was performed with IBM SPSS Statistics 20®. Results The studied population included 93 brachycephalic dogs 45 males (48%) and 48 females (52%) from different breeds: French Bulldog (n = 38), Shih-Tzu (n = 22), Pug (n = 17), English Bulldog (n = 5), Pekingese (n = 4), Boxer (n = 4) and Boston Terrier (n = 3), aged between 0.2–16 years, median 4.65 years. The most frequent ocular abnormalities were corneal ulcers in 44%, corneal pigmentation in 36%, corneal fibrosis in 25% and entropion in 22% of the animals. There was a higher incidence of corneal pigmentary keratitis in Pugs (53%) and corneal fibrosis in Shih Tzus (36%). The most common surgical techniques were medial canthoplasty in 22%, conjunctival flap in 10% and electroepilation in 7% of the cases, without post-operative complications. Conclusions: This study contributed to a better characterization of the disease complex brachycephalic ocular syndrome. The percentage of ocular disorders like entropion, corneal pigmentation, fibrosis and ulcers was high, highlighting the importance of a regular ophthalmological check-up, and early diagnosis of the primary disorders. A higher incidence of corneal pigmentation was noticed in Pugs and corneal fibrosis in Shih Tzus, which suggests that some brachycephalic breeds may be predisposed to certain ocular abnormalities. A responsible reproductive strategy should be implemented to avoid undesired transmission of the abnormal traits to the offspring.

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“…Brachycephalic dogs are reported to be prone to OSD [27]; however, in our study population no association between MGD and skull conformation was observed. Meibomian glands abnormalities in the brachicephalic breed Shih Tzu are more frequent in dogs with keratoconjunctivitis sicca than in control dogs [28]; thus, the association between skull conformation and OSD might include pathologies other than MGD.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD), as diagnosed by non-contact infrared Meibography, in dogs with ocular surface disorders (OSD): a retrospective study

Viñas¹,

Maggio²,

D’Anna³

et al. 2019

BMC Vet Res

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BackgroundMeibomian gland dysfunction (MGD) is one of the possible conditions underlying ocular surface disorders (OSD). Prevalence of MGD in dogs affected by OSD has not yet been reported. We aimed to evaluate the prevalence of MGD among OSD canine patients, which had been assessed by non-contact infrared meibography and interferometry, and to identify MGD associated factors that might guide its diagnosis. Medical records of canine patients examined for OSD between 2016 and 2019 were reviewed. The frequency of MGD was evaluated within different categories (skull conformation, gender, eye and STT-1). The putative MGD risk factors and frequency of MGD within grades of interferometry were evaluated in a regression analysis model and reported as odd ratios (ORs).ResultsOne hundred fifty eyes from 81 dogs with OSD were included with median age 75 months (range 3–192) and female representation with 52%. MGD was present in 70% of the examined eyes. MGD risk was higher in males ORadj = 3.015 (95% CI: 1.395–6.514) (P = 0.005) and older patients ORadj = 1.207 (95% CI: 1.081–1.348) (P = 0.001). No significant differences were found between left and right eyes (P = 0.66) or between the two types of skull conformation (P = 0.477) and MGD presence. MGD was associated to the lowest lipid layer (LL) thickness, as assessed by interferometry (grade 0) OR = 16.00 (95% CI: 2.104–121.68) (P < 0.001). STT values were not significantly associated with the presence of MGD (P > 0.05).ConclusionsMGD is a common underlying pathology in OSD. Being male and higher age are risk factors for MGD. An interferometry grade 0 may guide OSD diagnosis towards MGD.

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Assessment of meibomian gland morphology by noncontact infrared meibography in Shih Tzu dogs with or without keratoconjunctivitis sicca

Cited by 15 publications

References 33 publications

Evaluation of ocular surface parameters in dogs with and without meibomian gland dysfunction

Evaluation of ocular surface parameters in dogs with and without meibomian gland dysfunction

Clinical signs of brachycephalic ocular syndrome in 93 dogs

Meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD), as diagnosed by non-contact infrared Meibography, in dogs with ocular surface disorders (OSD): a retrospective study

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