Noninvasive thermometry of target tissue is one of the key issues for successful and safe thermal therapy. Although various techniques using X-ray, infrared, photoacoustics, radiometry, impedance, ultrasound, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) have been investigated, to date, infrared imaging for skin surface or MRI for cross-sectional temperature distribution is accepted as a tool for clinical use. Since cross-sectional temperature distribution deep inside a human body is important in thermal therapy in general, practically, MRI is the only practical modality applicable for the therapies. Among several intrinsic MR parameters including proton density, spin-lattice relaxation time, spin-spin relaxation time, diffusion coefficient and chemical shift, the chemical shift is known to be the most reliable for temperature imaging in aqueous tissues. Because this parameter can be measured only from the resonance frequency of water protons and hence independent from the other parameters, which are measured based on the intensity of the MR signals. Phase mapping or spectroscopic technique are applicable for measuring and/or imaging distribution of temperature change. For adipose tissue spin-lattice relaxation time of fat may be used.