Objective Measurement of Interpupillary Distance

Pryor, Helen B.

doi:10.1542/peds.44.6.973

Cited by 82 publications

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“…Inter-pupillary distance (IPD) is considered to be the most accurate and reliable measure for the quantification of ocular hypertelorism as the centre of the pupil remains unaffected by the soft tissues surrounding the eye 5 . Available anthropological evidence confirms the existence of significant differences in the craniofacial growth patterns of children representing various ethnic and racial groups.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…Furthermore, different methodologies employed previously to measure and calculate IPD not only make inter-population comparison difficult but are also scientifically imprecise 13 . It was, therefore, emphasized that for the purpose of making a precise comparison, norms derived from homogenous racial stocks should be available 5 . To pick any possible anomaly, understanding of the growth dynamics of the craniofacial region, particularly affecting ocular apparatus becomes important.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Detection of ocular hypertelorism among Indian children

Bhalla

Kaur

2022

Indian J Med Res

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Background & objectives: Ocular hypertelorism constitutes an important component of many clinical syndromes. It is typically recommended to use inter-pupillary distance (IPD) for objective evaluation of ocular hypo/hypertelorism. Barring infancy, there is a scarcity of data on this anthropometric parameter relating to the ocular apparatus. This study aims to study auxological dynamics of IPD in children of Indian origin. Methods: A total of 3622 ( 2239 males and, 1383 females) normal, healthy Indian children of North-western origin, aged one month to 14 yr comprised the sample for this study. Inner and outer-canthal distance were measured using standardized anthropometric techniques. None of the children who participated in this study had craniofacial dysmorphism or any body deformity. Mean (standard deviation SD) and percentiles were calculated for IPD in male and female subjects at different age levels. Results: IPD increased from 4.68±0.21 to 6.19±0.36 cm in males and from 4.59±0.26 to 6.08±0.25 cm in females between one month and 14 yr of age. Boys in general, possessed larger IPD than girls, however, the gender differences became significant ( P ≤0.05) at 10, 11, 16-18 and 22-24 months, respectively, and five and 10 yr of age, respectively. Interpretation & conclusions: The results of this study suggest that the patients having IPD less than the 3 rd percentile should be treated as cases of hypotelorism while, those exceeding 97 th percentile as cases of hypertelorism. The use of percentile grids presented for IPD may be used to detect ocular hypotelorism and hypertelorism in male and female children to corroborate diagnosis of different syndromes.

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Detection of ocular hypertelorism among Indian children

Bhalla

Kaur

2022

Indian J Med Res

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“…Our VR system can manipulate the IPD and EH to simulate various perspectives. Taking the process of simulating the perspective of a two-year-old child as an example, according to previous research, we found that the average IPD of a two-yearold child is about 46 mm (Pryor, 1969;MacLachlan and Howland, 2002). By referring to the growth chart published by CDC (Kuczmarski, 2000), we found the average height of two-year-old boys and girls is about 860mm, and the EH is around 100 mm lower than the average height.…”

Section: Manipulation Of Spatial Scale Perceptionmentioning

confidence: 66%

Augmented Perception Through Spatial Scale Manipulation in Virtual Reality for Enhanced Empathy in Design-Related Tasks

Zhang¹,

Dong²,

Bai³

et al. 2022

Front. Virtual Real.

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This research explores augmented perception by investigating the effects of spatial scale manipulation in Virtual Reality (VR) to simulate multiple levels of virtual eye height (EH) and virtual interpupillary distance (IPD) of the VR users in the design context. We have developed a multiscale VR system for design applications, which supports a dynamic scaling of the VR user’s EH and IPD to simulate different perspectives of multiple user’s groups such as children or persons with disabilities. We strongly believe that VR can improve the empathy of VR users toward the individual sharing or simulating the experience. We conducted a user study comprising two within-subjects designed experiments for design-related tasks with seventeen participants who took on a designer’s role. In the first experiment, the participants performed hazards identification and risks assessment tasks in a virtual environment (VE) while experiencing four different end-user perspectives: a two-year-old child, an eight-year-old child, an adult, and an adult in a wheelchair. We hypothesized that experiencing different perspectives would lead to different design outcomes and found significant differences in the perceived level of risks, the number of identified hazards, and the average height of hazards found. The second experiment had the participants scale six virtual chairs to a suitable scale for different target end-user groups. The participants experienced three perspectives: a two-year-old child, an eight-year-old child, and an adult. We found that when the designer’s perspective matched that of the intended end-user of the product, it yielded significantly lower variance among the designs across participants and more precise scales suitable for the end-user. We also found that the EH and IPD positively correlate with the resulting scales. The key contribution of this work is the evidence to support that spatial scale manipulation of EH and IPD could be a critical tool in the design process to improve the designer’s empathy by allowing them to experience the end-user perspectives. This could influence their design, making a safer or functionally suitable design for various end-user groups with different needs.

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“…Therefore, it is advisable to compare these patients with their own age, gender, and race-specific norms to detect deviations from the normal. 19 We advocate the use of standardized anthropometric techniques and instruments including proper identification of anatomical landmarks for precise measurement of ICD and OCD to compute IPD for the detection of abnormalities in the ocular region of children with DS so as to arrive at meaningful clinical inferences. The use of age- and gender-specific values presented for OCD, ICD, and IPD for DS children representing north-western India may be made for inter-population comparison.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Growth Pattern and Use of Inter-pupillary Distance in the Detection of Ocular Hypertelorism and Hypotelorism in Indian Down Syndrome Children

Bhalla

Kaur

et al. 2021

J Pediatr Genet

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Use of inter-pupillary distance (IPD) for objective evaluation of ocular hypertelorism and hypotelorism is recommended to corroborate diagnosis of syndromic conditions. In view of complete absence of serial data on growth of IPD, this study aims to unfold auxological dynamics of IPD in Down syndrome (DS) children of Indian origin. Inner canthal distance (ICD) and outer canthal distance (OCD) were measured on a total of 1,125 (male: 752, female: 373) DS children, aged 0 to 3 months to 10 years at 6 monthly age intervals using a “Digimatic Sliding Caliper” in the Growth Laboratory/Growth Clinic of the Institute. Using Feingold and Bossert (1974) formula, IPD at each age was calculated from ICD and OCD measured among male and female DS children. IPD, like OCD and ICD increased un-interruptedly among DS children. IPD grew rapidly up to 5 years thereafter, its rapidity became slower. Boys in general, possessed larger IPD than girls, however, gender differences became statistically significant up to first 4 years of life. Our study children possessed significantly smaller IPD as compared with their normal Indian counterparts. None of our DS children depicted ocular hypertelorism while hypotelorism, was noticed amongst 4.9% male and 16.8% female DS patients. Comparison with normative IPD data failed to establish existence of ocular hypertelorism in DS children (<10 years) of north-western Indian origin. Use of age and gender-specific data presented for IPD of DS children may be made for comparative purpose to ascertain inter-population variability.

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Objective Measurement of Interpupillary Distance

Cited by 82 publications

References 0 publications

Detection of ocular hypertelorism among Indian children

Detection of ocular hypertelorism among Indian children

Augmented Perception Through Spatial Scale Manipulation in Virtual Reality for Enhanced Empathy in Design-Related Tasks

Growth Pattern and Use of Inter-pupillary Distance in the Detection of Ocular Hypertelorism and Hypotelorism in Indian Down Syndrome Children

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