Objective evaluation of wind chill index by records of frostbite in the Antarctica

Wilson, O

doi:10.1007/bf01424272

Cited by 19 publications

(16 citation statements)

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“…Blood flow is a necessary feature of the model to obtain finger skin temperatures that concur with experimental observations, as demonstrated below with three previously reported studies. Figure 2 shows the predicted finger-cooling curves compared to actual incidences of frost nip ("superficial freezing;" Wilson and Goldman 1970). These occurrences were recorded under a laboratory condition where air temperature (TJ and wind speed (v) were controlled.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These occurrences were recorded under a laboratory condition where air temperature (TJ and wind speed (v) were controlled. The finger skin temperatures reported by Wilson and Goldman (1970) were corrected using the analysis of Danielsson (1996) to account for a calibration error in the original work. The predicted cooling curves in Fig.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The smaller diameter of the finger and, hence, larger exposed area relative to mass, among other factors, makes the finger more susceptible to cold injury than the cheek (Wilson 1967). However, the cheek and not the finger has been the focus in the construction of wind charts (Osczevski 1995).…”

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confidence: 99%

“…Rigid assumptions such as these can be avoided using a numerical approach, as modeled for the face (Tikuisis and Osczevski 2002). Danielsson (1996) presented a theoretical analysis of the finger-cooling data of Wilson and Goldman (1970), and correlated the risk of finger freezing with surface finger temperature. Danielsson did not, however, extend his analysis to predict the rate of finger cooling.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…Often, but not always, cold-induced vasodilatation (CIVD) will occur. CIVD describes the cyclic enhancement of blood flow at the extremities (i.e., fingertips and toes; Wilson and Goldman 1970), which can delay severe cooling and injury. However, this phenomenon will be ignored in the present application of the model because the cyclic nature of CIVD is highly variable and difficult to predict (Daanen et al 1997), and because the results without CIVD can be considered as conservative or pertaining to the more susceptible segment of the population.…”

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Finger Cooling During Cold Air Exposure

Tikuisis¹

2004

Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society

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This paper presents a method for predicting the onset of finger freezing. It is an extension of a tissue-cooling model originally developed to predict the onset of cheek freezing. The extension to the finger is presented as a more conservative warning of wind chill. Indeed, guidance on the risk of finger freezing is important not only to safeguard the finger, but also because it pertains more closely to susceptible facial features, such as the nose, than if only the risk of cheek freezing was provided. The importance of blood flow to the finger and the modeling of vasoconstriction are demonstrated through cooling predictions that agree reasonably well with several reported observations. Differences in the prediction between the present physiologic-based model and the engineering model used to develop the wind chill index are also discussed. New wind chill charts are presented that tabulate the mean cooling rates and corresponding onset times to freezing of the finger for various combinations of air temperature and wind speed. Results indicate that the surface of the finger cools to its freezing point in approximately one-eighth of the time predicted for the cheek. For combinations that result in the same wind chill temperature (WCT), the rate of finger cooling is faster at the higher wind speed. This asymmetry was previously disclosed through the application of the model to cheek cooling, and it reiterates the ambiguity associated with the reporting of WCT. It is further emphasized that the reporting of onset times to freezing, or safe exposure limits, is a more logical and meaningful alternative to the WCT.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

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