Objectification of cranial vault correction for craniosynostosis by three-dimensional photography

Metopic synostosis: Measuring intracranial volume change following fronto-orbital advancement using three-dimensional photogrammetry

“…Measurements by McKay et al showed a strong correlation between volume as measured by CT and 3D photogrammetry in more than 70 patients (correlation coefficient 0.91; p < 0.001). Wilbrand et al (2012) have already used 3D photogrammetry to measure the change of intracranial volume after surgery in children with trigonocephaly. Twelve children (male:female ratio 8:4) showed a mean increase in the frontal volume from 528.3 ml to 601.4 ml.…”

“…Recently, three-dimensional (3D) photography has been introduced as a valuable alternative to CT scans for objective analysis of skull growth (McKay et al, 2010;Wilbrand et al, 2012). This technique gives accurate measurements, is non-invasive and independent of the examiner (Schaaf et al, 2010).…”

Perception of children’s faces with unilateral coronal synostosis—an eye-tracking investigation

“…These studies consisted of analyses of photographs and cephalometry results, as well as subjective evaluations by either pediatricians or surgeons. Re cent studies have utilized th re e-dimensional stereophotogrammetry to describe morphometric changes over time [7,8]. However, the way that affected children are perceived by individuals on a daily basis has not been analyzed.…”

Cephalic index correlates poorly with intracranial volume in non-syndromic scaphocephalic patients

“…However, studies have shown CI to have low accuracy in comparison with other indices [21]. In addition, the methodology to determine cranial dimensions (width and length) varies widely as does the source of measurements (e.g., anthropometric measurements, clinical photographs, 3D photogrammetry, CT images) [4,25,27,31], which is why comparisons of CI are difficult. Due to the significant compensatory skull bossing frequently found in scaphocephaly, separate frontal and occipital indices have been suggested to be used [1].…”

“…Cephalic index (CI) represents an estimate of cranial dimensions and is widely used in diagnostics [11], outcome assessment of surgical results [10,31], and comparative evaluation between treatment modalities [13,25] in craniosynostosis. As a standard anthropometric measurement initially introduced in the nineteenth century by the Swedish anatomist Retzius, anthropologists originally used CI in racial comparisons for "characterizing varieties of man" [2].…”