Object recognition testing: Methodological considerations on exploration and discrimination measures

Akkerman, Sven; Blokland, Arjan; Reneerkens, Olga A.H.; Goethem, Nick P. van; Bollen, Eva; Gijselaers, Hieronymus J.M.; Lieben, C.K.J.; Steinbusch, Harry W.M.; Prickaerts, Jos

doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2012.03.022

Cited by 176 publications

(134 citation statements)

References 59 publications

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“…The novel object recognition test (NORT), developed by Ennaceur and Delacour27, is based on the natural preference of rats to explore novel objects more than familiar ones. It has been shown that drugs which can damage the hippocampus lowered the discriminating index of NORT2829. Therefore, we used NORT to assess the effects of FNDs on hippocampal neurons in behaving animals.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effect of fluorescent nanodiamonds on neuronal survival and morphogenesis

Huang

Kao

Liu

et al. 2014

Sci Rep

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Nanodiamond (ND) has emerged as a promising carbon nanomaterial for therapeutic applications. In previous studies, ND has been reported to have outstanding biocompatibility and high uptake rate in various cell types. ND containing nitrogen-vacancy centers exhibit fluorescence property is called fluorescent nanodiamond (FND), and has been applied for bio-labeling agent. However, the influence and application of FND on the nervous system remain elusive. In order to study the compatibility of FND on the nervous system, neurons treated with FNDs in vitro and in vivo were examined. FND did not induce cytotoxicity in primary neurons from either central (CNS) or peripheral nervous system (PNS); neither did intracranial injection of FND affect animal behavior. The neuronal uptake of FNDs was confirmed using flow cytometry and confocal microscopy. However, FND caused a concentration-dependent decrease in neurite length in both CNS and PNS neurons. Time-lapse live cell imaging showed that the reduction of neurite length was due to the spatial hindrance of FND on advancing axonal growth cone. These findings demonstrate that FNDs exhibit low neuronal toxicity but interfere with neuronal morphogenesis, and should be taken into consideration when applications involve actively growing neurites (e.g. nerve regeneration).

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effect of fluorescent nanodiamonds on neuronal survival and morphogenesis

Huang

Kao

Liu

et al. 2014

Sci Rep

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“…We thus ensured that the rats based their choice on visual and tactual discrimination, as the objects, properly balanced, only differed in their shape and color patterns. Taking into account the great importance of pre-experimental exposure or familiarization with the objects on an object recognition test (Akkerman et al, 2012), our habituation protocol was designed to ensure that the rats were relatively free from stress.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

c-Fos expression correlates with performance on novel object and novel place recognition tests

Méndez

Arias

Uceda

et al. 2015

Brain Research Bulletin

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“…It is a sensitive and reliable memory assessment tool that is able to detect behavioral and cognitive effects (2). It gives information on working, short-term or long-term memory depending on the elapsed testing phase (41).…”

Section: Novel Object Recognition Test (Nor)mentioning

confidence: 99%

The effect of omega-3 on cognition in hypothyroid adult male rats

Allah¹,

Gomaa²,

Sayed³

2014

Acta Physiologica Hungarica

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Thyroid hormones and omega-3 are essential for normal brain functions. Recent studies have suggested that omega-3 may protect against the risk of dementia. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of hypothyroidism on spatial learning and memory in adult male rats, the underlying mechanisms and the possible therapeutic value of omega-3 supplementation. Thirty male rats were divided into three groups; control, hypothyroid and omega-3 treated. Hypothyroidism induced significant deficits in working and reference memories in radial arm maze, retention deficits in passive avoidance test and impaired intermediate and long-term memories in novel object recognition test. Serum total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and hippocampal serotonin and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) levels were decreased in the hypothyroid group as compared to the control group. Moreover, the hippocampus of hypothyroid rats showed marked structural changes as diffuse vacuolar degeneration and distortion of the pyramidal cells. Immunohistochemistry showed that the expression of Cav1.2 (the voltage dependent LTCC alpha 1c subunit) protein was increased in the hypothyroid group as compared to the control group. Omega-3 supplementation ameliorated memory deficits, increased TAC, decreased the structural changes and decreased the expression of Cav1.2 protein. In conclusion omega-3 could be useful as a neuroprotective agent against hypothyroidism-induced cognitive impairment.Keywords: hypothyroidism, cognition, omega-3, Cav1.2, GABA and serotonin Thyroid hormones play an important role in the development and the normal function of CNS by different mechanisms. They regulate synaptic transmission (15), modulate the synthesis and turnover of neurotransmitters and modify the sensitivity of their receptors (42, 51). They modulate signal transduction pathways in the CNS through Ca 2+ channels. L-type voltagesensitive Ca 2+ (Cav) channel (L-VSCC) mediates long lasting Ca 2+ currents (55) that play important roles in neurotransmitters release, second messenger cascades and gene regulation (28). L-VSCCs localize prominently on neuronal cell bodies and proximal dendrites (24). They consist of five subunits: α1, α2, β, γ and δ (40); α1 subunit is the ion-conducting pore and contains the binding sites for dihydropyridine (9). There are two different L-VSCC α1 subunits: α1C (Cav1.2) and α1D (Cav1.3) (47). Growing evidence has suggested that excessive Ca 2+ influx through L-VSCCs may be detrimental to memory (55). Moreover, L-VSCC currents were reported to be increased in the hippocampus of aged rats and rabbits and thus, had been implicated in aged-related memory deficits (50). Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), including docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) are major components of neuronal membranes and have a wide range of functions including neural growth (18), neuroprotection and modulation of

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Object recognition testing: Methodological considerations on exploration and discrimination measures

Cited by 176 publications

References 59 publications

The effect of fluorescent nanodiamonds on neuronal survival and morphogenesis

The effect of fluorescent nanodiamonds on neuronal survival and morphogenesis

c-Fos expression correlates with performance on novel object and novel place recognition tests

The effect of omega-3 on cognition in hypothyroid adult male rats

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