Obesity is a determinant of arterial stiffness independent of traditional risk factors in Asians with young-onset type 2 diabetes

Association between basal metabolic function and bone metabolism in postmenopausal women with type 2 diabetes

“…However, their clinical management is complex, as strict dietary regimens may lead to decreased fat mass, BMD, and REE [58][59][60][61], and tight glycemic control with aggressive diabetes drug therapies may result in increased fat mass and BMD [62][63][64] without any increase in REE [65,66], thereby increasing the risk of developing atherosclerosis [67][68][69]. Although insulin therapy may improve bone metabolism in patients with insulin-requiring diabetes [70], early initiation of insulin therapy decreases patients' REE [68,71,72]. Both fat mass and REE were correlated with the ratio of bone formation to bone resorption marker, whereas fat mass was correlated with BMD and was not correlated with HbA1c.…”

Contribution of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus to Subclinical Atherosclerosis in Subjects with Morbid Obesity

“…Both the onset and the progression of atherosclerosis are more rapid in T2DM patients [1]. In addition, the disease may cause premature aging of the cardiovascular system [5].…”

“…Another measure for vascular health is arterial stiffness, which is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease and mortality [3,4,10,11]. The Bgold standard^measurement for arterial stiffness is the measurement of the pulse wave velocity (PWV) [4,5]. Subjects suffering from T2DM are known to have a higher PWV than non-diabetic subjects [4].…”

Prognostic Value of Ambulatory Blood Pressure in the Obese: The Ambulatory Blood Pressure‐International Study

“…Oscillometric measurements can be influenced by the thick subcutaneous fat layer and by the stiffer arteries often present in obese patients. [11][12][13][14] Current measurement algorithms are not tailored for the obese because validation protocols for ABPM devices do not consider arm circumference as a selection criterion for testing monitor performance and few obese patients are usually recruited in validation studies. 28 Inappropriate cuff size and shape in relation to arm circumference is another possible source of error with ABPM monitors.…”

“…12 In addition, obesity adversely affects arterial elasticity, which may influence the performance of oscillometric ABPM monitors. 13,14 According to the recent European Society of Hypertension (ESH) guidelines, separate validation of ABPM devices should be required for obese individuals, but specific validation studies have not been performed in the obese population. 11 Despite the increasing prevalence of obesity and the measurement problems delineated above, few data are available on the reliability of ABPM in obese individuals.…”