Obesity impairs vasodilatation and blood flow increase mediated by endothelial nitric oxide: An overview

Abstract

Obesity dramatically increases the risk of development of cardiovascular and metabolic diseases. Endothelial dysfunction induced by obesity is an important risk factor that impairs blood flow controls in various organs. Impaired endothelial function occurs early in life in obese children. Obesity-induced endothelial dysfunction is associated with decreased nitric oxide (NO) production due to impaired endothelial NO synthase activity and expression and increased production of superoxide anion and the endogenous NOS inhibitor ADMA, together with increased vasoconstrictor factors, such as endothelin-1 and sympathetic nerve activation. Decreased endothelial progenitor cells are also involved in endothelial cell senescence in obese individuals. Insulin resistance and diabetes mellitus augment obesity-induced endothelial dysfunction. Adipokines liberated from adipose tissues play roles in modulating endothelial function; adiponectin and ghrelin have beneficial effects on endothelial cells. Effects of leptin on endothelial function are controversial. Decreased body weight by physical exercise, dietary interventions, and bariatric surgery are effective measures that reverse endothelial dysfunction; however, the weight control is not only the reason for improving of endothelia function. Pharmacological therapies with β-adrenoceptor antagonists, resveratolol, anti-obesity agents, nifedipine, and NADPH oxidase inhibitors may also be effective; however, these treatments have to be utilized under the basis of exercise and dietary controls.

Asymmetric dimethylarginine is negatively correlated with hyperglycemia in children

“…The regulation of endothelial NOS (eNOS) activity is regulated through glucose-mediated mitochondrial production of reactive oxygen species [22]. The subjects with hyper-duction, which is caused by impaired eNOS activity and expression, and increased production of superoxide anion and ADMA as well as vasoconstrictor factors, such as endothelin-1, and sympathetic nerve activation [33]. Uslu and colleagues reported that ADMA levels were correlated with hypoadiponectinemia and hyperleptinemia [34].…”

Exhaled Breath Condensate Nitrate Levels are Inversely Associated with the Body Mass Index of Patients without Respiratory Disease

“…Although obesity is known to be associated with increased plasma levels of ADMA, we did not observe significant differences between our normal weight and mildly obese patients. ADMA impairs endothelial NOS function and contributes to the cardiovascular complications often seen with obesity [20]. Moreover, recent findings suggest that eNOS impairment may also contribute to obesity by attenuating or preventing increases in metabolic activity in the adipose tissue [56].…”

“…Obese patients have increased plasma levels of asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) [20], a natural inhibitor of the endothelial nitric oxide synthase (NOS) function and nitric oxide production [20,21]. Endothelial NOS dysfunction decreases NO-dependent vasodilation and contributes to hypertension and other cardiovascular complications often seen with obesity [20].…”

“…Obese patients have increased plasma levels of asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) [20], a natural inhibitor of the endothelial nitric oxide synthase (NOS) function and nitric oxide production [20,21]. Endothelial NOS dysfunction decreases NO-dependent vasodilation and contributes to hypertension and other cardiovascular complications often seen with obesity [20]. Recent studies focused on obesity-related asthma in adults suggest that obese adult asthmatics have a reduced fractional NO concentration in exhaled air (FeNO) related to an impairment in the arginine/ADMA pathway [22,23].…”

Efficacy of Fenugreek-based bionanocomposite on renal dysfunction and endogenous intoxication in high-calorie diet-induced obesity rat model—comparative study

“…Considering involving vascular dysfunction, mediated by endothelial nitric oxide and signaling during obesity and vascular regulation in renal dysfunction, the risk of development of cardiovascular and metabolic diseases dramatically increases. Endothelial dysfunction induced by obesity and concept of Flammer syndrome might have considered as an important risk factor including for stratification patients with MetS and kidney disease [77,78].…”