Obesity and cancer: inflammation bridges the two

Kolb, Ryan; Sutterwala, Fayyaz S.; Zhang, Weizhou

doi:10.1016/j.coph.2016.07.005

Cited by 287 publications

(244 citation statements)

References 155 publications

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“…The adipose tissue is considered an endocrine organ and the biologically active adipokines may act as cancer promoters . In addition, the chronic inflammation that is present in obese individuals may act as a bridge in the pathway between obesity and cancer through the increased production of interleukins that are growth factors for immune system cells; angiogenic factors are also present in higher levels in overweight and obese individuals, shaping a cancer‐enhancing environment . The link between obesity and insulin resistance/diabetes mellitus seems worth mentioning, as diabetes is a risk factor for hematological malignancies .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Anthropometric characteristics, physical activity and risk of hematological malignancies: A systematic review and meta‐analysis of cohort studies

Ψαλτοπούλου

Sergentanis

Ntanasis‐Stathopoulos

et al. 2019

Intl Journal of Cancer

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Overweight/obesity, adult attained height and physical activity are possible risk factors for hematological malignancies. This meta‐analysis aims to evaluate the associations between these factors and hematological cancer risk in adults. Eligible cohort studies were sought in PubMed up to May 31, 2016; overall, 44 studies were included in the present analyses. Pooled relative risk estimates were calculated using random‐effects models; separate analyses were conducted for non‐Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) and subtypes (diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma, DLBCL; follicular cell lymphoma; small lymphocytic lymphoma/chronic lymphocytic leukemia, SLL/CLL), Hodgkin lymphoma (HL), multiple myeloma (MM), leukemia and subtypes (acute lymphoblastic leukemia, acute myeloid leukemia, AML). Obesity was associated with increased risk of NHL, HL, MM, leukemia overall and AML in both sexes, as well as with higher DLBCL risk in women; the dose–response meta‐regression analysis confirmed these associations. Less pronounced effects were observed regarding overweight, as it was associated with increased MM risk in both sexes, NHL risk in males, DLBCL and overall leukemia risk in females. Taller men presented with significantly higher risk of NHL and taller women were affected by higher risk of NHL, DLBCL, FL, CLL/SLL, MM, leukemia and AML. On the other hand, physical activity and abdominal fatness were not associated with the risk of hematological malignancies. In conclusion, this meta‐analysis highlights the pivotal role of anthropometric measures in shaping the risk of hematological malignancies in adults. Additional, well‐designed studies stemming from all the continents are needed for the further substantiation and generalization of the results.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Anthropometric characteristics, physical activity and risk of hematological malignancies: A systematic review and meta‐analysis of cohort studies

Ψαλτοπούλου

Sergentanis

Ntanasis‐Stathopoulos

et al. 2019

Intl Journal of Cancer

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“…26 Increased body habitus is well correlated to increased mortality rates for all these 3 cancers, 27 and chronic inflammation associated with obesity has been known to be a major factor contributing to progression of these 3 cancers. 28,29 Adipose tissue is a complex endocrine organ that secretes a variety of both anti-inflammatory and proinflammatory cytokines, which cause a state of chronic systemic inflammation. 28 In this theory, obesity stimulates inflammatory pathways that promote tumor development, mainly by releasing proinflammatory cytokines, enhancing angiogenesis, inducing cell proliferation, suppressing immune system, and generating reactive oxygen species for DNA damage.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…28,29 Adipose tissue is a complex endocrine organ that secretes a variety of both anti-inflammatory and proinflammatory cytokines, which cause a state of chronic systemic inflammation. 28 In this theory, obesity stimulates inflammatory pathways that promote tumor development, mainly by releasing proinflammatory cytokines, enhancing angiogenesis, inducing cell proliferation, suppressing immune system, and generating reactive oxygen species for DNA damage. 30,31 Unlike these well-known obesity-related cancers, obesity is not a risk factor for developing cervical cancer.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Association of Metformin Use and Survival Outcome in Women With Cervical Cancer

Takiuchi

Machida

Hom

et al. 2017

Int J Gynecol Cancer

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“…Hypoxia and death of rapidly expanding adipocytes are considered important initiating factors of adipose tissue inflammation in obesity [19]. During inflammation, typical cytokines like tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-6 and CC motif chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2) are secreted by inflammatory cells infiltrating adipose tissue [21]. TNF-α was the first pro-inflammatory cytokine detected in adipose tissue.…”

Section: Inflammation In Peripheral Adipose Tissuementioning

confidence: 99%

Non-Alcoholic Steatohepatitis, Liver Cirrhosis and Hepatocellular Carcinoma: The Molecular Pathways

Mezale¹,

Štrumfa²,

Vanags³

et al. 2017

Liver Cirrhosis - Update and Current Challenges

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Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is growing into global problem, mainly due to NASH-induced cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), that can develop either subsequently to cirrhosis or preceding it. In addition, NASH-induced cirrhosis constitutes a significant fraction of cases diagnosed as cryptogenic cirrhosis. Thus, there is a need for deeper understanding of the molecular basis, leading to liver steatosis, then-to the associated inflammation seen in NASH, loss of liver architecture and cirrhosis, followed or paralleled by carcinogenesis and HCC. Insulin resistance, increased hepatic iron level, and certain cytokines, including TNF-α and IL-6 derived from extrahepatic adipose tissues, can trigger the chain of events. The imbalance between leptin and adiponectin is important as well. These markers remain important during the whole course from NASH through liver cirrhosis to HCC. The molecular pathogenesis substantiates treatment: hypertriglyceridemia can be lowered by low calorie diet; mTOR complex can become inhibited by physical activity and metformin; cholesterol synthesis, RAF/ MAPK1/ERK and p21 pathway by statins; inflammation by pentoxyfillin, and kinases (in HCC) by sorafenib. Bidirectional regulation of telomere attrition, senescence and p21 pathway, restoration of wild-type p53 activity and regulation of miRNA network represent attractive future treatment options. Focusing on relevant molecular pathways allows deeper understanding of NASH pathogenesis, leading to identification of predictive markers and treatment targets.[10] and other Western industrialised countries, facing high occurrence of the major risk factors for NAFLD, namely, central obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia and metabolic syndrome [11]. In a recent meta-analysis of 86 studies, comprising 8,515,431 persons from 22 countries, the global prevalence of NAFLD was 25.24% (95% confidence interval [CI], showing the highest occurrence in the Middle East and South America and the lowest in Africa [5].Liver Cirrhosis -Update and Current Challenges 2 Thus, 90% of patients suffering from morbid obesity (defined as having body mass index 40 kg/m 2 or higher) and 74% patients affected by diabetes mellitus develop NAFLD. In addition, NAFLD has been observed even in non-obese, non-diabetic patients who have increased insulin levels in blood and resistance to insulin action. Consequently, NAFLD affects up to 20-30% of adults in Europe and 46% in the USA: a tremendously high prevalence for a condition that can cause any significant complications [9, 10]. Non-Alcoholic Steatohepatitis, Liver Cirrhosis and Hepatocellular Carcinoma: The Molecular Pathways http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.68771 3Most patients are diagnosed with NAFLD in their 40s or 50s. Studies vary in regard to the gender distribution of NAFLD, with some suggesting that it is more common in women and others suggesting more frequent occurrence in men [11,12].Since 1998, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease has been considered a condition with a "two-hit" course of...

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Obesity and cancer: inflammation bridges the two

Cited by 287 publications

References 155 publications

Anthropometric characteristics, physical activity and risk of hematological malignancies: A systematic review and meta‐analysis of cohort studies

Anthropometric characteristics, physical activity and risk of hematological malignancies: A systematic review and meta‐analysis of cohort studies

Association of Metformin Use and Survival Outcome in Women With Cervical Cancer

Non-Alcoholic Steatohepatitis, Liver Cirrhosis and Hepatocellular Carcinoma: The Molecular Pathways

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