O paraexcitações (Reizschutz) e a Paraskeuê

Abstract

RESUMO.A noção de paraexcitações (Reizschutz), tal como formulada por Freud, tem forte viés biológico. É possível re-escrevê-la, a partir da teoria da sedução generalizada de Jean Laplanche, mostrando sua constituição nas relações originárias com o outro. O exame da literatura sobre a noção mostra claramente a dimensão ética e estética desse conceito. Autores relacionam condutas tais como a anorexia, a toxicomania, a hipocondria e a conduta criminosa como resultado da má constituição do paraexcitações. Nesse sentido, é possível aproximar o conceito da noção grega Paraskeuê, um escudo moral produzido ao longo da vida, tal como foi estudado por Michel Foucault. Conclui-se ser desejável re-escrever o conceito, integrando-o à história das práticas do cuidado de si para salientar os aspectos éticos e estéticos presentes no exercício clínico de reconstrução do paraexcitações.Palavras-chave: Escudo protetor; moral; sofrimento.ABSTRACT. The notion of the protective shield (Reizschutz), as formulated by Freud, has a strong biological bias. It is possible to redescribe it through Jean Laplanche's theory of generalized seduction, showing its constitution in the originary relations with the other. The exam of the literature about the notion clearly shows the ethical and esthetical dimensions of this concept. Authors relate conducts such as anorexia, drug addiction, hypochondria and criminal behavior as the results of a poor constitution of the protective shield. In this sense, it is possible to connect this concept to the Greek notion of Paraskeuê, a moral shield produced throughout life, as studied by Michel Foucault. We conclude to be desirable redescribing the concept, integrating it to the history of the care of the self's practices in order to emphasize ethical and esthetical features present in the clinical exercise of reconstructing the protective shield. LA PROTECCÍON CONTRA LAS EXCITACIONES (REIZSCHUTZ) Y LA PARAKEUÊRESUMEN. La noción de protección contra las excitaciones (Reizschutz), tal como fue formulada por Freud, tiene un fuerte sesgo biológico. Es posible redescribirla, desde la teoría de la seducción generalizada de Jean Laplanche, mostrando su constitución en las relaciones originarias con el otro. El examen de la literatura sobre la noción enseña claramente la dimensión ética y estética de este concepto. Autores hacen una conexión de conductas como la anorexia, la toxicomanía, la hipocondría y la conducta criminal como resultado de la mala constitución del protector contra excitaciones. En este sentido, el concepto se asemeja a la noción griega Paraskeuê, un escudo moral producido a lo largo de la vida, como ha estudiado Michel Foucault. Se concluye que es deseable la redescripción del concepto, integrándolo a la historia de las prácticas del cuidado de sí para destacar los aspectos éticos y estéticos presentes en el ejercicio clínico de reconstrucción del protector contra excitaciones.

A abordagem dos termos dependência química, toxicomania e drogadição no campo da Psicologia brasileira

“…However, in this attempt to run away from the problems, the patient gradually dissolved her bonds and became isolated, and later she died (Silva & Ulhôa, 2015). In agreement with evidence from other studies (Belo, 2012;Romanini & Roso, 2012), in the case described above, using drugs was a solution to a psychic conflict, but it led the subject to her own dissolution.…”

“…Regarding the term "chemical dependency," nine articles were found (Cunda & Silva, 2014;Hess, Almeida, & Moraes, 2012;Jesus & Rezende, 2008;Lima, 2008;Machado & Boarini, 2013;Oliveira, Andretta, Rigoni, & Szupszynski, 2008;Paz & Colossi, 2013;Pratta & Santos, 2009;Sayago, Lucena-Santos, Horta, & Oliveira, 2014). The search based on 'toxicomania' resulted in seven articles (Belo, 2012;Bento, 2008;Lisita & Rosa, 2011;Macedo, Dockhorn, & Kegler, 2014;Pereira, 2008;Romanini & Roso, 2012;Silva & Ulhôa, 2015). And regarding the term "drug addiction," six articles were found (Andretta & Oliveira, 2011;Cunha, Silveira, & Paiva Filho, 2012;Giacobone & Macedo, 2013; Lermen, Dartora, & Capra-Ramos, 2014;…”

“…Regarding the theoretical studies, out of ten, four were found in searches of "drug addiction" (Cunha et al, 2012;Giacobone & Macedo, 2013;Lermen et al, 2014;Savietto & Cardoso, 2009); three in searches of 'toxicomania' (Belo, 2012;Bento, 2008;Romanini & Roso, 2012); and three when searching "chemical dependency" (Cunda & Silva, 2014;Machado & Boarini, 2013;Pratta & Santos, 2009). These studies address different topics, highlighting the specificities of psychoactive substance consumption in modern times, a theme addressed in four articles.…”

“…Toxicomania involves the idea that it is possible to find complete satisfaction and freedom from a certain malaise by using only one object: a drug. However, an intense relationship of exclusiveness is established between the subject and a drug, often characterized by the dependents themselves as a slavery that can lead to loss of social bonds (Belo, 2012;Romanini & Roso, 2012). Then, toxicomania involves a search for relief of a certain malaise, but also imprisonment in relation to the drug.…”

“…Considering the above, in general, toxicomania is analyzed in the perspective of the relationship between the subject and the drug. Then, what makes the drug a toxic or a medicine is the relation assumed with it (Belo, 2012;Macedo et al, 2014;Pereira, 2008;Romanini & Roso, 2012). Therefore, in toxicomania, the focus is not on the substance and its effects, but on the relationship the subject establishes with his or her objects of consumption (Santiago, 2017).…”