Nutritional value of duckweeds (Lemnaceae) as human food

Appenroth, Klaus‐J.; Sree, K. Sowjanya; Böhm, Volker; Hammann, Simon; Vetter, Walter; Leiterer, Matthias; Jahreis, Gerhard

doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.08.116

Cited by 226 publications

(273 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…Based on the limited data of W. globosa, the antioxidant activity was investigated and was found to be highly correlated with phenolic contents, as reported by Daduang [27]. Recently, a detailed investigation of the nutritive compositions of six duckweed species [28] emphasized that the phytosterol content in Wolffia microscopica (50 mg/ 1 fat) was at least five-fold higher than in most other plant oils, which typically contain 1-10 mg/g fat. The main components were sitosterol (53%), campesterol (18%), and stigmasterol (15%) followed by D5-avenasterol (11%).…”

Section: Dpph Radical Scavenging Assaymentioning

confidence: 87%

The Bioactivity Study of Active Compounds in Wolffia globosa Extract for an Alternative Source of Bioactive Substances

2017

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Wolffia globosa is a small plant found in the lagoons in tropical zones. The aim of our study was to examine the biological compounds found in W. globosa and their activities. The substances in W. globosa were extracted, isolated, and their chemical structures ascertained by Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy and proton nuclear magnetic resonance ( 1 H-NMR) spectroscopy. The extract was tested for bioactivity, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and cytotoxic activities. The results showed that the isolated compounds in fraction two were mainly β-sitosterol and stigmasterol. The sterols found in the extract were able to inhibit nitric oxide production in RAW 264.7 macrophage cells, which implied an anti-inflammatory activity. The extract was found to be non-toxic to human dermal fibroblast cells with an IC 50 of 106.38 ± 37.0 µg/mL.

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Section: Dpph Radical Scavenging Assaymentioning

confidence: 87%

The Bioactivity Study of Active Compounds in Wolffia globosa Extract for an Alternative Source of Bioactive Substances

2017

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“…However, a great deal of research is still needed to establish an industrial-scale culturing system (Fayaz Bhat and Fayaz 2011). Other alternative protein sources investigated both as food and feed are as follows: seaweed (Mohamed et al 2012;Makkar et al 2016), duckweed (Appenroth et al 2017), canola/rapeseed , micro-algae and other microbes (Vigani et al 2015), and insects (Van Huis et al 2013). The latter option is the primary focus of this review.…”

Section: Alternative Protein Sourcesmentioning

confidence: 99%

The environmental sustainability of insects as food and feed. A review

Huis

Oonincx

2017

Agron. Sustain. Dev.

631

381

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With a growing world population, increasingly demanding consumers, and a limited amount of agricultural land, there is an urgent need to find alternatives to conventional meat products. Livestock production is, moreover, a leading cause of anthropogenic-induced climate change. To mediate this, more sustainable diets are needed, with reduced meat consumption or the use of alternative protein sources. Insects are promoted as human food and animal feed worldwide. In tropical countries, edible insects are harvested from nature, but overexploitation, habitat changes, and environmental contamination threaten this food resource. Therefore, sustainable harvesting practices need to be developed and implemented. We provide examples of (1) aquatic insects whose populations are threatened by pollution, (2) caterpillar species in Africa that are disappearing due to overexploitation and habitat change, (3) edible insects species that are considered pests in agro-ecosystems, and (4) edible insect species that can be conserved and enhanced in forest management systems. Insect farming can be conducted either on small-scale farms or in large-scale industrialized rearing facilities. We review the environmental sustainability of insect farming compared to livestock production. The major environmental advantages of insect farming compared to livestock production are as follows: (1) less land and water is required; (2) greenhouse gas emissions are lower; (3) insects have high feed conversion efficiencies; (4) insects can transform low-value organic by-products into highquality food or feed; and (5) certain insect species can be used as animal feed or aqua feed. For instance, they can replace fish meal, which is becoming increasingly scarce and expensive.However, edible insect species intended for production should be screened for risks to humans, animals, plants, and biodiversity.

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“…Phylogenetically, duckweeds were considered as a subfamily (Lemnoideae) of the family Araceae (Cabrera et al, 2008;Cusimano et al, 2011;Nauheimer et al, 2012) but more recently proposed to be a separate family (Lemnaceae) with subfamilies of Lemnoideae and Wolffioideae (Les et al, 2002;Appenroth et al, 2015;Sree et al, 2016). Due to notable features of duckweeds such as their worldwide distribution (except in the Arctic and Antarctica), water surface habitat, fast growth rate and yielding up to 100 tons dry mass/hectare/year (Lam et al, 2014;Ziegler et al, 2015), the ability to remove contaminants from wastewater (Chaudhuri et al, 2014;Goswami et al, 2014;Teixeira et al, 2014), high quality and quantity of protein (Rusoff et al, 1980;Appenroth et al, 2017), and high starch content in some strains under particular growth conditions (Cui and Cheng, 2015;Sree et al, 2015;Ma et al, 2018), duckweeds are attractive as a new crop production platform. They are considered as a potential resource for an increasing world population, useful for wastewater remediation, feedstock for biofuels, animal feed, as well as for human nutrition, without competing with traditional crops for arable land.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Generating a high‐confidence reference genome map of the Greater Duckweed by integration of cytogenomic, optical mapping, and Oxford Nanopore technologies

et al. 2018

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Duckweeds are the fastest growing angiosperms and have the potential to become a new generation of sustainable crops. Although a seed plant, Spirodela polyrhiza clones rarely flower and multiply mainly through vegetative propagation. Whole-genome sequencing using different approaches and clones yielded two reference maps. One for clone 9509, supported in its assembly by optical mapping of single DNA molecules, and one for clone 7498, supported by cytogenetic assignment of 96 fingerprinted bacterial artificial chromosomes (BACs) to its 20 chromosomes. However, these maps differ in the composition of several individual chromosome models. We validated both maps further to resolve these differences and addressed whether they could be due to chromosome rearrangements in different clones. For this purpose, we applied sequential multicolor fluorescence in situ hybridization (mcFISH) to seven S. polyrhiza clones, using 106 BACs that were mapped onto the 39 pseudomolecules for clone 7498. Furthermore we integrated high-depth Oxford Nanopore (ON) sequence data for clone 9509 to validate and revise the previously assembled chromosome models. We found no major structural rearrangements between these seven clones, identified seven chimeric pseudomolecules and Illumina assembly errors in the previous maps, respectively. A new S. polyrhiza genome map with high contiguity was produced with the ON sequence data and genome-wide synteny analysis supported the occurrence of two Whole Genome Duplication events during its evolution. This work generated a high confidence genome map for S. polyrhiza at the chromosome scale, and illustrates the complementarity of independent approaches to produce whole-genome assemblies in the absence of a genetic map.

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Nutritional value of duckweeds (Lemnaceae) as human food

Cited by 226 publications

References 31 publications

The Bioactivity Study of Active Compounds in Wolffia globosa Extract for an Alternative Source of Bioactive Substances

The Bioactivity Study of Active Compounds in Wolffia globosa Extract for an Alternative Source of Bioactive Substances

The environmental sustainability of insects as food and feed. A review

Generating a high‐confidence reference genome map of the Greater Duckweed by integration of cytogenomic, optical mapping, and Oxford Nanopore technologies

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