Nutritional Supplementation and Anabolic Steroid Use in Adolescents

Hoffman, Jay R.; Faigenbaum, Avery D.; Ratamess, Nicholas A.; Ross, Ryan E.; Kang, Jie; Tenenbaum, Gershon

doi:10.1249/mss.0b013e31815a5181

Cited by 117 publications

(121 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…This is similar to vitamin/mineral use in US adolescents where almost three-fifths of them used such products (12) . In Korea, 35?8 % of 17-year-old students used VMS (30) .…”

Section: Adolescents' Use Of Vitamin/mineral Supplementssupporting

confidence: 54%

Energy drinks and other dietary supplement use among adolescents attending secondary schools in Trinidad and Tobago

Babwah¹,

Maharaj

Nunes

2014

Public Health Nutr.

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Objective: The objective of the present study was to determine the knowledge and practices among Trinidad and Tobago school-attending adolescents towards energy drinks (ED), alcohol combined with energy drinks (AwED), weightaltering supplements (WAS) and vitamin/mineral supplements (VMS) and their experience of adverse effects associated with such use. Design: A cross-sectional, proportionate, stratified sampling strategy was adopted using a self-administered, de novo questionnaire. Setting: Secondary schools throughout Trinidad and Tobago. Subjects: Students aged 15-19 years. Results: Five hundred and sixty-one students participated, an 84 % response rate; 43?0 % were male, 40?5 % East Indian and 34?1 % mixed race. VMS, ED, WAS and anabolic steroids were used by 52?4 %, 44?0 %, 8?9 % and 1?4 % of students, respectively, with 51?6 % of ED users using AwED. Predictors of use of AwED were males and students who played sport for their school (OR 5 1?9; 95 % CI 1?2, 3?2 and OR 5 2?6; 95 % CI 1?4, 4?7, respectively). Predictors of ED use were males and attendees of government secondary schools (OR 5 1?7; 95 % CI 1?1, 2?4 and OR 5 1?7; 95 % CI 1?2, 2?4, respectively). Side-effects, mainly palpitations, headaches and sleep disturbances, were reported in 20?7 % of dietary supplement users. Conclusions: Many adolescent students in Trinidad and Tobago use dietary supplements, including ED and AwED, and about one-fifth of users experience side-effects. Identification of students at risk for ED, AwED and WAS use and education of students about the dangers of using dietary supplements need to be instituted to prevent potential adverse events.

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“…This is similar to vitamin/mineral use in US adolescents where almost three-fifths of them used such products (12) . In Korea, 35?8 % of 17-year-old students used VMS (30) .…”

Section: Adolescents' Use Of Vitamin/mineral Supplementssupporting

confidence: 54%

Energy drinks and other dietary supplement use among adolescents attending secondary schools in Trinidad and Tobago

Babwah¹,

Maharaj

Nunes

2014

Public Health Nutr.

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“…O principal objetivo dos usuários é ganhar massa muscular, o que vai ao encontro da finalidade mais citada para o uso de suplementos (13,17,21,22) . Atualmente, a maioria das pessoas (especialmente as mulheres) se exercita para controlar o peso e não para melhorar o condicionamento físico.…”

Section: Discussionunclassified

“…Ele aparece citado em todos os suplementos, especialmente os protéicos. O treinador também é a maior fonte de indicação em outros estudos (13,16,(21)(22)(23)27) .…”

Section: Discussionunclassified

Consumo de suplementos por jovens freqüentadores de academias de ginástica em São Paulo

Hirschbruch¹,

Fisberg

Mochizuki

2008

Rev Bras Med Esporte

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A preocupação com a aparência e a estética pode levar ao consumo indiscriminado de suplementos nas academias. Os fatores relacionados ao consumo de suplementos em 201 jovens entre 15 e 25 anos freqüentadores de academias de ginástica da cidade de São Paulo foram investigados através da aplicação de formulário próprio. O uso de suplementos é relatado por 61,2% (n = 123) da amostra. Os homens usam mais suplementos que as mulheres (p < 0,001) e os adolescentes tendem a utilizar mais que os adultos jovens (p = 0,07). Os suplementos mais utilizados são bebidas esportiva (12%), hipercalóricos (12%), aminoácidos (10%), proteínas (10%) e creatina (8%), basicamente por auto-prescrição (42,8%) e pela indicação de treinadores (27,5%). O consumo de suplementos é significativamente maior entre aqueles que se exercitam há mais tempo; freqüentam a academia há mais tempo; e ficam na academia mais horas/semana. Ter amigos usuários (p = 0,03) e/ou um usuário em casa (p = 0,01) influencia no consumo de suplementos. O consumo de suplementos é uma prática que faz parte da realidade das academias de ginástica e o ambiente é favorecedor do uso desses produtos.Palavras-chave: suplementação, adolescentes, nutrição esportiva. ABSTRACTThe concern with physical appearance and aesthetics in fitness centers can lead to an indiscriminate use of supplements. A questionnaire was used to investigate factors relating to supplement use among 201 young users of fitness centers in the city of São Paulo, Brazil. Supplement use was reported by 61.2% (n = 23) of the sample. Men use more supplements than women (p < 0.001) and adolescents tend to use them more than young adults (p = 0.07). The supplements most used by this group are sports drinks (12%); high-calorie "gainers" (12%), amino acids (10%), proteins (10%) and creatine (8%). The supplements are taken trough own initiative (42.8%) and trainers' recommendation (27.5%). Those who have been exercising for a longer time, go more often to the fitness centers, and devote more time to exercise/week are significantly more involved in supplement use. The presence of user friends (p = 0.03) and/or a user at home (p = 0.01) also influences on the use of supplements. Supplement use is a widespread, common practice at fitness centers, whose environment favors their use.Keywords: supplements, fitness centers, adolescents, sports nutrition. INTRODUÇÃOA academia de ginástica é um local para a prática de exercícios físicos por indivíduos sem vínculos profissionais com o esporte. O ambiente das academias favorece a disseminação de padrões estéti-cos estereotipados, como o corpo magro, com baixa quantidade de gordura ou com elevado volume e tônus muscular (1) . Há pressão da sociedade e da mídia em relação ao corpo padrão, contribuindo para o aumento no uso de suplementos e anabolizantes (2) . Jovens fisicamente ativos são os usuários mais freqüentes de suplementos e podem enfrentar riscos. A maioria dos jovens acredita que os suplementos são eficazes (3)(4)(5) . Estudos mostram que os jovens estão preocupados co...

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“…This suggests that users of legal supplements are at a much higher risk of using illegal drugs. This finding is notable when one considers the widespread use of legal supplements across all levels of sport [101][102][103][104]. In a recent study, Backhouse et al [23] suggested that a gradual increase in nutritional supplements' consumption served as a gateway to doping use.…”

Section: Effect Sizes Of Demographic and Social-contextual Variablesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Personal and Psychosocial Predictors of Doping Use in Physical Activity Settings: A Meta-Analysis

et al. 2014

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Key points-A meta-analysis including 63 independent datasets was conducted.-Use of legal supplements, perceived social norms, and positive attitudes towards doping were strong positive correlates of doping intentions and behaviors.-Morality and self-efficacy to refrain from doping were negatively associated with doping intentions and behaviors. AbstractBackground: There is a growing body of empirical evidence on demographic and psychosocial predictors of doping intentions and behaviors utilizing a variety of variables and conceptual models. However, to date there has been no attempt to quantitatively synthesize the available evidence and identify the strongest predictors of doping. Objectives:Using meta-analysis, we aimed to (i) determine effect sizes of psychological (e.g., attitudes), social-contextual factors (e.g., social norms), and demographic (e.g., sex and age) variables on doping intentions and use, (ii) examine variables which moderate such effect sizes, and (iii) test a path analysis model, using the meta-analyzed effect sizes, based on variables from the Theory of Planned Behavior.Data sources: Articles were identified from online databases, by contacting experts in the field, and searching the World Anti-Doping Agency website.Study eligibility criteria and participants: Studies that measured doping behaviors and/or doping intentions, and at least one other demographic, psychological, or social-contextual variable were included. We identified 63 independent datasets. Study appraisal and synthesis method: Study information was extracted by using predefined data fields and taking into account study quality indicators. A random effects meta-analysis was carried out, correcting for sampling and measurement error, and Running head: PERSONAL AND PSYCHOSOCIAL PREDICTORS OF DOPING 2 identifying moderator variables. Path analysis was conducted on a sub-set of studies that utilized the Theory of Planned Behavior.Results: Use of legal supplements, perceived social norms, and positive attitudes towards doping were the strongest positive correlates of doping intentions and behaviors. In contrast, morality and self-efficacy to refrain from doping had the strongest negative association with doping intentions and behaviors. Furthermore, path analysis suggested that attitudes, perceived norms, and self-efficacy to refrain from doping predicted intentions to dope, and indirectly, doping behaviors. Limitations:Various meta-analyzed effect sizes were based on a small number of studies, which were correlational in nature. This is a limitation of the extant literature. Conclusions:This review identifies a number of important correlates of doping intention and behavior, many of which were measured via self-reports and were drawn from an extended theory of planned behavior framework. Future research might benefit from embracing other conceptual models of doping behavior and adopting experimental methodologies that will test some of the identified correlates in an effort to develop targeted anti-doping policies and programs.

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Nutritional Supplementation and Anabolic Steroid Use in Adolescents

Cited by 117 publications

References 22 publications

Energy drinks and other dietary supplement use among adolescents attending secondary schools in Trinidad and Tobago

Energy drinks and other dietary supplement use among adolescents attending secondary schools in Trinidad and Tobago

Consumo de suplementos por jovens freqüentadores de academias de ginástica em São Paulo

Personal and Psychosocial Predictors of Doping Use in Physical Activity Settings: A Meta-Analysis

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