Nutritional requirements and methods of feeding low birth weight infants

Heird, William C.; Anderson, Thomas L.

doi:10.1016/s0045-9380(77)80011-x

Cited by 9 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 101 publications

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“…These strategies may decrease the number of days required by an infant to regain birth weight and minimize the need to address "catch-up" growth, assuming enteral feedings are initiated early. 39,40 The amounts of nutrients to support fetal growth rates are ϳ3 g/kg/d of protein and ϳ90 kcal/kg/d. 19,38 Historically, it has not been standard practice to provide this level of nutrition to a premature infant during the first few days of life.…”

Section: Amino Acidsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Enhancing Parenteral Nutrition Therapy for the Neonate

Valentine

Puthoff

2007

Nut in Clin Prac

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The neonate receiving parenteral nutrition (PN) therapy requires a physiologically appropriate solution in quantity and quality given according to a timely, cost-effective strategy. Maintaining tissue integrity, metabolism, and growth in a neonate is challenging. To support infant growth and influence subsequent development requires critical timing for nutrition assessment and intervention. Providing amino acids to neonates has been shown to improve nitrogen balance, glucose metabolism, and amino acid profiles. In contrast, supplying the lipid emulsions (currently available in the United States) to provide essential fatty acids is not the optimal composition to help attenuate inflammation. Recent investigations with an omega-3 fish oil IV emulsion are promising, but there is need for further research and development. Complications from PN, however, remain problematic and include infection, hepatic dysfunction, and cholestasis. These complications in the neonate can affect morbidity and mortality, thus emphasizing the preference to provide early enteral feedings, as well as medication therapy to improve liver health and outcome. Potential strategies aimed at enhancing PN therapy in the neonate are highlighted in this review, and a summary of guidelines for practical management is included.

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Section: Amino Acidsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Enhancing Parenteral Nutrition Therapy for the Neonate

Valentine

Puthoff

2007

Nut in Clin Prac

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“…KEY WORDS: Premature infants, parenteral nutrition, amino acids Total or supplementary parenteral nutrition of preterm infants unable to accept adequate oral feeding, is an important advance in the care of these children (1). The use of amino acid solutions allows growth to continue, provided enough calories are being supplied.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Amino Acids in Parenteral Nutrition of Preterm Infants

et al. 1983

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Parenteral feeding of preterm infants has been accepted as an alternative form of nutrition in those infants unable to accept oral feeding. The amount of amino acid nitrogen and the composition of the amino acid solution to be used, however, have not yet been defined. The amino acid intake and the plasma amino acid concentration of three groups of preterm infants were compared. Twenty-three infants were fed parenterally. Of these, 16 were studied during the first week of life (group I) and 7 during the second week (group II). A control group of 9 infants fed with oral formula was also studied in the second week (group III). In general, plasma amino acid concentrations in the parenterally fed groups were higher than in the orally fed group, in spite of a lower intake. Comparison of the amino acid intake of groups I and II relative to group III, with the plasma amino acid concentrations of groups I and II relative to group III, revealed a rather constant ratio with the exception of tyrosine and aspartic acid, where higher values were found. It is concluded that further increase in the amino acid nitrogen in parenteral feeding of preterm infants requires a more adapted preparation.

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“…Average PN intake of fluid and vitamin D, calcium, and phosphorus IU/kg/day, 70-400 IU/day) in infants and especially in premature infants 3,4,15,20. Clearly then, studies are needed to better define the parenteral requirements and interindividual variation in requirements for vitamin D, calcium, phosphorus, and also copper and other minerals in the premature infant.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Rickets in Premature Infants Receiving Parenteral Nutrition: A Case Report and Review of the Literature

Kien

Browning

Jona

et al. 1982

J Parenter Enteral Nutr

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There is a multifactorial etiology for rickets in premature infants receiving total parenteral nutrition. As an example of this, we describe a premature infant fed almost exclusively parenterally for the first 8 months of life who developed biochemical and radiologic evidence of rickets despite receiving vitamin D, calcium, and phosphorus at presently recommended levels. From our experience and a review of previous literature, there appears to be considerable uncertainty regarding the intravenous requirements of calcium, phosphorus, and vitamin D, particularly in low-birth weight infants. Therefore, measurements of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels, vitamin D, and mineral intakes, and calcium and phosphorus excretion might be clinically useful for monitoring premature infants receiving total parenteral nutrition. Further research delineating more precisely the vitamin D, calcium, and phosphorus requirements of such infants is also suggested.

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Nutritional requirements and methods of feeding low birth weight infants

Cited by 9 publications

References 101 publications

Enhancing Parenteral Nutrition Therapy for the Neonate

Enhancing Parenteral Nutrition Therapy for the Neonate

Amino Acids in Parenteral Nutrition of Preterm Infants

Rickets in Premature Infants Receiving Parenteral Nutrition: A Case Report and Review of the Literature

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