Nutritional Manipulation of Primate Retinas, I: Effects of Lutein or Zeaxanthin Supplements on Serum and Macular Pigment in Xanthophyll-Free Rhesus Monkeys

Neuringer, Martha; Sandstrom, Marita M.; Johnson, Elizabeth J.; Snodderly, D. Max

doi:10.1167/iovs.02-1243

Cited by 109 publications

(98 citation statements)

References 40 publications

(52 reference statements)

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“…The semi-purified diets were fed to the mothers of the subjects throughout pregnancy and to the subjects from the day of birth until the completion of the study. As described in more detail in Neuringer et al (2004), the two diets differed only in their fat source and, therefore, in fatty acid composition, with one containing low levels and one adequate levels of n-3 fatty acids in the form of α-linolenoic acid. The animals also received limited amounts of very low carotenoid foods such as wheat or rice cereals, white rice, sweetened drinks, gelatine, pineapple, and banana.…”

Section: Subjects-eleven Rhesus Monkeys (Macca Mulatta) Born At the Omentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This dose represented 7.7 times the average daily xanthophyll intake from the standard laboratory diet (described below). Further details on the study design have been published elsewhere (Johnson et al, 2005;Neuringer et al, 2004).…”

Section: Subjects-eleven Rhesus Monkeys (Macca Mulatta) Born At the Omentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These analyses occurred subsequent to the primary monkey studies (Johnson et al, 2005;Neuringer et al, 2004). Therefore, there was limited amount of serum available and not all time points could be evaluated, making absolute comparisons between groups difficult.…”

Section: Statisticsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Serum and tissue analyses showed no detectable lutein, zeaxanthin, or any xanthophyll metabolites (Johnson et al, 2005;Neuringer et al, 2004) allowing us to do supplementation and to evaluate the individual metabolites of lutein and zeaxanthin. The effect of dietary supplementation with either pure lutein or pure zeaxanthin on the formation of metabolites in serum could be followed more readily and without any interference from the other xanthophylls or their metabolites.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Metabolism of lutein and zeaxanthin in rhesus monkeys: Identification of (3R,6′R)- and (3R,6′S)-3′-dehydro-lutein as common metabolites and comparison to humans

Albert¹,

Hoeller²,

Schierle³

et al. 2008

Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part B: Biochemistry an

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Lutein and zeaxanthin are xanthophylls that can be found highly concentrated in the macula of the retina. They are thought to protect the macula through their role as blue-light filters and because of their antioxidant and singlet oxygen quenching properties. Examination of metabolites unique to lutein and zeaxanthin such as 3′-dehydro-lutein, and of their stereochemistry may provide insight to the mechanism by which they are formed and by which they exert protection. To evaluate the formation of such metabolites, eleven monkeys were raised on a xanthophyll-free diet, and supplemented with pure lutein or pure zeaxanthin (2.2 mg/kg body weight/d). The period of supplementation ranged between 12 to 92 weeks. At study start and throughout the study, serum samples were taken and analyzed for xanthophylls using different HPLC systems. Xanthophyll metabolites were identified using UV/VIS and HR-MS detection. Lutein and zeaxanthin metabolites were found in detectable amounts with 3′-dehydro-lutein being a common metabolite of both. Using chiral-phase HPLC, two diastereomers, (3R,6′R)-3′-dehydro-lutein and (3R, 6′S)-3′-dehydro-lutein, were identified and shown to be present in nearly equimolar amounts. A pathway for their formation from either lutein or zeaxanthin is proposed. These finding were comparable to results obtained with human plasma.

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Section: Subjects-eleven Rhesus Monkeys (Macca Mulatta) Born At the Omentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Subjects-eleven Rhesus Monkeys (Macca Mulatta) Born At the Omentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Statisticsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Metabolism of lutein and zeaxanthin in rhesus monkeys: Identification of (3R,6′R)- and (3R,6′S)-3′-dehydro-lutein as common metabolites and comparison to humans

Albert¹,

Hoeller²,

Schierle³

et al. 2008

Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part B: Biochemistry an

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“…Studies by Neuringer et al and Johnson et al using Rhesus monkeys found that the relationship between dietary intake of zeaxanthin and retinal concentration of this carotenoid was more variable than the relationship between dietary intake of lutein and retinal concentration of lutein. 42,60 This group of Rhesus monkeys, reared on a xanthophyllfree diet since birth, had no detectable levels of lutein or zeaxanthin in serum, retina, liver, or adipose tissue. However, upon supplementation with these carotenoids, xanthophyll concentrations rose rapidly within the first four weeks in all of these tissues.…”

Section: Effect Of Lutein and Zeaxanthin Supplementation On The Retinamentioning

confidence: 99%

Transport and Retinal Capture of Lutein and Zeaxanthin with Reference to Age-related Macular Degeneration

Loane

Nolan

O'Donovan

et al. 2008

Survey of Ophthalmology

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Abstract. Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the most common cause of irreversible blindness in the elderly population in the western world. The etiology and pathogenesis of this disease remain unclear. However, there is an increasing body of evidence supporting the hypothesis that the macular pigment carotenoids, lutein and zeaxanthin, play an important role in protection against AMD, by filtering out blue light at a pre-receptoral level, or by quenching free radicals. Lutein and zeaxanthin are dietary xanthophyll carotenoids, which are delivered to the retina via plasma lipoproteins. The biological mechanisms governing retinal capture and accumulation of lutein and zeaxanthin, to the exclusion of other carotenoids, are still poorly understood. Although these mechanisms remain unclear, it is possible that selective capture of these carotenoids is related to lipoprotein, or apolipoprotein, function and profile. Xanthophyll-binding proteins appear to play an important role in the retinal capture of the xanthophyll carotenoids. The Pi isoform of GSTP1 has been isolated as a specific binding protein for zeaxanthin. The binding protein responsible for retinal uptake of lutein remains elusive. This article reviews the literature germane to the mechanisms involved in the capture, accumulation and stabilization of lutein and zeaxanthin by the retina, and the processes involved in their transport in serum. (Surv Ophthalmol 53:68--81, 2008 The central retina, known as the macula, is responsible for central and color vision because of its high concentration of cone photoreceptors. The macula is characterized by a yellow color, attributable to the presence of macular pigment. 81 Macular pigment (MP) is composed of lutein and zeaxanthin, two hydroxycarotenoids, which are entirely of dietary origin. 17 The concentration of MP peaks at the center of the macula, known as the fovea, where zeaxanthin is the dominant carotenoid. In contrast, lutein dominates in the parafoveal region. 16,82 Dietary sources 68

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Macular Pigment

Whitehead

Mares²,

Danis³

2006

Arch Ophthalmol

180

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Nutritional Manipulation of Primate Retinas, I: Effects of Lutein or Zeaxanthin Supplements on Serum and Macular Pigment in Xanthophyll-Free Rhesus Monkeys

Abstract: Rhesus monkeys respond to either dietary L or Z supplementation with increases in serum xanthophylls and MP, even after life-long xanthophyll deficiency. These animals provide a potential model to study mechanisms of protection from AMD.

Cited by 109 publications

References 40 publications

Metabolism of lutein and zeaxanthin in rhesus monkeys: Identification of (3R,6′R)- and (3R,6′S)-3′-dehydro-lutein as common metabolites and comparison to humans

Metabolism of lutein and zeaxanthin in rhesus monkeys: Identification of (3R,6′R)- and (3R,6′S)-3′-dehydro-lutein as common metabolites and comparison to humans

Transport and Retinal Capture of Lutein and Zeaxanthin with Reference to Age-related Macular Degeneration

Macular Pigment

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