Nutrition of the Weaned Holstein Calf. II. Effect of Dietary Protein Level on Nitrogen Balance, Digestibility and Feed Intake

Veira, D. M.; Macleod, G.K.; Burton, John H.; Stone, J. B.

doi:10.2527/jas1980.505945x

Cited by 31 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…Increasing the quantity of dietary CP supplied has also increased totaltract starch disappearance. Veira et al (1980) fed weaned Holstein calves high-concentrate diets with 0 to 15% soybean meal replacing cracked corn and showed that total-tract apparent starch disappearance increased linearly with increased dietary protein. Streeter and Mathis (1995) fed beef steers high-concentrate diets with fish meal supplemented to supply 0, 25, 50, and 75 g/d of additional N to represent 1.0to 1.5-fold of the steers' CP requirement.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Intestinal starch disappearance increased in steers abomasally infused with starch and protein1,2

Richards

Branco

Bohnert

et al. 2002

Journal of Animal Science

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Steers (379 +/- 10 kg) with ruminal, duodenal, and ileal cannulas were used in a 5 x 5 Latin square digestion trial to quantify and evaluate the relationship between intestinal protein supply and intestinal starch disappearance. Treatments were infusions of 0, 50, 100, 150, or 200 g/d of casein along with 1,042 g/d of raw cornstarch. Abomasal infusions were accomplished by passing tubing and a pliable retaining washer through the reticular-omasal orifice into the abomasum. Steers were fed a 93% corn silage, 7% supplement diet that contained 12% crude protein at 1.65% body weight in 12 equal portions/d. Periods lasted 17 d (12 d for adaptation, 2 d of collections, and 3 d of rest). The quantity and percentage of organic matter and protein disappearance from the small intestine increased linearly (P < 0.03) with infused casein. Greater quantities of starch disappeared with increased casein infusion (P < 0.01). The infusion of 200 g/d of casein increased small intestinal starch disappearance by 226 g/d over the control. Casein infusion did not affect the quantity or percent of organic matter, starch, or protein disappearance in the large intestine. Treatments did not change ruminal ammonia N, ruminal pH, or plasma glucose concentrations. Starch disappearance from the small intestine was increased with greater protein flow to the duodenum of steers.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Intestinal starch disappearance increased in steers abomasally infused with starch and protein1,2

Richards

Branco

Bohnert

et al. 2002

Journal of Animal Science

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“…Several studies examined the responses of prepubertal ruminants to various dietary protein to energy ratios of different BW (Veira et al., ,b; Radcliff et al., ; Gabler and Heinrichs, ). These ratios used in these studies were mainly achieved by adjusting the concentration of CP with a similar amount of energy across the experimental diets.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Feeding different dietary protein to energy ratios to Holstein heifers: effects on growth performance, blood metabolites and rumen fermentation parameters

Dong

Zhang

et al. 2016

Animal Physiology Nutrition

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Eighteen Chinese Holstein heifers average age 230 ± 14 days were allocated to 1 of 3 dietary crude protein (CP) to metabolizable energy (ME) ratios to examine the effects on growth performance, blood metabolites and rumen fermentation parameters with 90-days experiment. Three different dietary CP:ME ratios were targeted based on the formulation of dietary CP contents of 10.85%, 12.78% and 14.63% on dry matter (DM) basis with similar ME contents (10.42 MJ/kg DM), which were categorized as low, medium and high dietary CP:ME ratios. The actual CP:ME ratios obtained in this study significantly increased from low to high CP:ME ratio groups with a value of 10.59, 11.83 and 13.38 g/MJ respectively. Elevated CP:ME ratios significantly increased CP intake (kg/day) and feed efficiency (FE) which was defined as dry matter intake as a proportion of average daily gain (ADG), whereas little difference was observed in body weight (kg), ADG (kg/day), DM intake (kg/day) and ME intake (MJ/day) among the three different CP:ME ratio groups. Increasing dietary CP to ME ratios significantly increased CP digestibility, whereas digestibility of DM and gross energy remained constant in the current experiment. Blood urea nitrogen and insulin-like growth factor-1 linearly increased with increasing dietary CP:ME ratios. There was significantly dietary treatment effect on rumen fermentation parameters including acetate, propionate, butyrate and total volatile fatty acids. Therefore, this study indicated that increasing dietary CP levels with similar energy content contributed to increased protein intake and its digestibility, as well as FE. Holstein heifers between 200 and 341 kg subjected to 13.38 dietary CP:ME ratio showed improved feed efficiency, nutrient digestibility, some blood metabolites and rumen fermentation characteristics for 0.90 kg/day rate of gain.

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“…For animals in the milk-fed group, all nutrition was derived from the milk or milk replacer and no additional feed was offered (either starter grain or hay). Ten published papers studied cattle receiving diets based on forage, concentrates, or a combination of forage and concentrates (weaned group) with 57 different dietary treatments, with animals ranging from 56 to 472 kg of BW (Whitelaw et al, 1961;Broster et al, 1963;Bowers et al, 1965;Bines and Balch, 1973;Stobo and Roy, 1973;Veira et al, 1980;Bagg et al, 1985;Hoffman et al, 2001;Gabler and Heinrichs, 2003;Marini and Van Amburgh, 2003).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of Nitrogen Utilization and Excretion in Growing Dairy Cattle

Zanton

Heinrichs

2008

Journal of Dairy Science

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Literature data on utilization of dietary N were analyzed by using meta-analytic procedures for growing milk-fed dairy calves and weaned dairy heifers. The objective was to statistically assess N utilization and excretion in growing dairy cattle when dietary N was altered in otherwise balanced rations at various stages of growth. Studies meeting the selection criteria included data from 16 published papers encompassing 94 distinct observations made on 217 animals. Of these, 6 studied calves were fed milk or milk protein-based milk replacer [milk-fed; 30 to 81 kg of body weight (BW)] with 37 different dietary treatments, and 10 experiments studied heifers receiving diets based on forage, concentrates, or a combination of forage and concentrates (weaned; 56 to 472 kg of BW) with 57 different dietary treatments. Mixed model and fixed effect regression analyses were used to evaluate responses to additional dietary N. True digestibility of dietary N was 100.4% for milk-fed calves and 96.4% for weaned heifers, with corresponding basal fecal N excretion values of 3.05 and 6.51 g of N/kg of dry matter intake. Urinary N (g of N/kg of BW(0.75)) was consistently greater for milk-fed calves, but the response to increasing N intake was parallel to the response for weaned heifers. Whether using a mixed model approach or a fixed effect approach to account for metabolizable energy intake, BW, and dry matter intake, milk-fed calves retained more N per kilogram of BW(0.75) than weaned heifers. However, marginal efficiency of N utilization responded as a continuous function of BW, as opposed to a bimodal response associated with diet type. Gross N efficiency (GNE) responded quadratically to N intake and was greater for milk-fed calves than for weaned heifers. Linear and quadratic coefficients of this function did not differ between diet types, indicating that the response in gross N efficiency to additional N intake was not different between diet groups; rather, the absolute level obtainable differed. Dietary CP concentrations of 18.9% for milk-fed calves and 14.2% for weaned heifers were found to maximize GNE; 22.5% MJ of crude protein/MJ of ME was found to maximize GNE for both groups. Equations are discussed relative to the requirements to replace basal N losses and efficiency of N utilization.

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Nutrition of the Weaned Holstein Calf. II. Effect of Dietary Protein Level on Nitrogen Balance, Digestibility and Feed Intake

Cited by 31 publications

References 10 publications

Intestinal starch disappearance increased in steers abomasally infused with starch and protein1,2

Intestinal starch disappearance increased in steers abomasally infused with starch and protein1,2

Feeding different dietary protein to energy ratios to Holstein heifers: effects on growth performance, blood metabolites and rumen fermentation parameters

Analysis of Nitrogen Utilization and Excretion in Growing Dairy Cattle

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