Nutrition of the Pre-Ruminant Dairy Calf With Special Reference to the Digestion and Absorption of Nutrients: A Review

Radostits, O. M.; Bell, J. M.

doi:10.4141/cjas70-063

Cited by 85 publications

(37 citation statements)

References 139 publications

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“…However, neither the fat content nor the fat source differed between treatments. Adding GCS into the MR might improve the ability of the secreted bile salts to emulsify the luminal contents sufficiently as reviewed by Radostits and Bell (1970) or reduce the binding affinity of lipase to the lipids (Lairon et al, 1978). A reduced affinity of lipase to its substrate may result in an increase in the hydrolysis of added substrate and therefore be recorded as increased activity.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effect of replacing lactose by starch on protein and fat digestion in milk-fed veal calves

Pluschke

Gilbert

Williams

et al. 2016

Animal

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Replacing dairy components from milk replacer (MR) with vegetable products has been previously associated with decreased protein and fat digestibility in milk-fed calves resulting in lower live weight gain. In this experiment, the major carbohydrate source in MR, lactose, was partly replaced with gelatinized corn starch (GCS) to determine the effect on protein and fat digestibility in milk-fed calves. In total, 16 male Holstein-Friesian calves received either MR with lactose as the carbohydrate source (control) or 18% GCS at the expense of lactose. In the adaptation period, calves were exposed to an increasing dose of GCS for 14 weeks. The indigestible marker cobalt ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid was incorporated into the MR for calculating apparent nutrient digestibility, whereas a pulse dose of chromium (Cr) chloride was fed with the last MR meal 4 h before slaughter as an indicator of passage rates. The calves were anesthetized and exsanguinated at 30 weeks of age. The small intestine was divided in three; small intestine 1 and 2 (SI1 and SI2, respectively) and the terminal ileum (last~100 cm of small intestine) and samples of digesta were collected. Small intestinal digesta was analysed for α-amylase, lipase and trypsin activity. Digestibility of protein was determined for SI1, SI2, ileum and total tract, whereas digestibility of fat was determined for SI1, SI2 and total tract. Apparent protein digestibility in the small intestine did not differ between treatments but was higher in control calves at total tract level. Apparent crude fat digestibility tended to be increased in SI1 and SI2 for GCS calves, but no difference was found at total tract level. Activity of α-amylase in SI2 and lipase in both SI1 and SI2 was higher in GCS calves. Activity of trypsin tended to be higher in control calves and was higher in SI1 compared with SI2. A lower recovery of Cr in SI2 and a higher recovery of Cr in the large intestine suggest an increased rate of passage for GCS calves. Including 18% of GCS in a milk replacer at the expense of lactose increased passage rate and decreased apparent total tract protein digestibility. In the small intestine, protein digestion did not decrease when feeding GCS and fat digestion even tended to increase. Overall, effects on digestion might be levelled when partially replacing lactose with GCS, because starch digestion is lower than that of lactose but fat digestion may be slightly increased when feeding GCS.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effect of replacing lactose by starch on protein and fat digestion in milk-fed veal calves

Pluschke

Gilbert

Williams

et al. 2016

Animal

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“…The foetus and the newborn calf has no sufficient stores of vitamin A (Baetz and Hubert 1974;Harms 1951;Radostits and Bell 1970;Steinbach et al 1970;Brantstetter et al 1973). Early feeding of abundant amount of colostrum immediately after birth provides a good supply of vitamins as the colostrum contains much more vitamin A than the milk or plasma of the dam (Steinbach and Mayer 1967;Brantstetter et al 1973;Jagos et al 1977).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Plasma Levels of Vitamins A, E and Carotene in Cows in Late Pregnancy and in Their Foetuses

Jagos¹,

Bouda²,

Geryk³

1979

Acta Vet. Brno

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Jagoi P .• J. Bouda. J. Geryk: The Plasma LefJeZs of Vitamin A. E and Carotene in Cows in Late Pregnancy and in Their Foetuses. Acta vet. Brno. 48.1979: 19-23. Experiments involving 20 cows in late pregnancy and their foteuses aged 8-9 months were conducted to study the blood plasma content of the vitamins A. E and carotene and the liver vitamin A content of these individuals.The vitamin A content of the foetal plasma wss more than two times lower than that of the dams. and the foetal liver content of vitamin A was approximately ten times lower than the values found in the dams.Similarly. much lower plasma content of vitamin E and carotene were determined in the foetuses than in their mothers. These differences were statistically significant.The results of the study indicated that the bovine foetus and newborn calf have only minimum stores of the above-mentioned vitamins and they depend on early and abundant feeding of colostrum to meet their requirements. Blood plasma. liver. mother. foetus. vitamins A. E.An important part in the frequent calf diseases occurring predominantly in winter and spring is ascribed to the noninfectious factors including hypovitaminosis A. Decreased resistance of the organism and frequent diseases of the newborn animals have been known to result from the hypovitaminosis A (Moore 1957;Dvorak 1959Dvorak . 1960 Pi'ibyl 1963; Spratling et a1. 1965; Seawright 1966;Rosenberger 1970; Radominski et a1. 1970; Eaton et a1. 1972). Calves are born with low plasma levels and stores of vitamin A and carotene which indicates a low transfer of these substances through the placenta (Moore 1957). Low vitamin A content was also found in the livers of bovine and equine foetuses (Harms 1951). The livers of bovine foetuses contained 1.5 % of the amount of vitamin A found in the livers of adult cattle. Somewhat higher percentage -4 % -was found in equine foetuses.A certain amount of vitamin A is necessary for the normal development of the foetus and its reserve of this vitamin during the first hours of postnatal life is important for survival and health of the newborn calf in the early postnatal period (Brantstetter et a1. 1973). This follows from the observation of deaths in calves fed no colostrum which had extremely low vitamin A reserves (Moore 1957). In livers of 6 newborn calves an average of 7.3 pg of vitamin A per 1 g liver tissue was found while in their mothers 37 times higher content was detected (Brantstetter et al. 1973). Similar vitamin A amounts were also found in bovine foetuses aged 110-240 days (Baetze and Hubert 1974). Nevertheless. in the blood serum of these foetuses 19.9 pg per 100 ml of vitamin A were found; this value is in good agreement with findings of Baker et a1. (1953) and Spielman et a1. (1946).Good performance of young calves requires also vitamin E supporting mainly the muscular function (Kursa et a1. 1969;Jenkins. Hidiroglou 1972;Vrzgula et al. 1972;Lannek 1973; Koval! et al. 1974). Its antioxidative properties enhance the utilization of vitamin A up to 6 time...

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“…Studies on levels of fat in milk substitutes (Lassiter et al 1957;Olson and Williams 1959; Roy et al 1973) lead one to conclude that there is no advantage to be gained by increasing the fat content of a milk replacer above 20Vo unless fat deposition is desired (Radostits and Bell 1970; Roy et al 1970). …”

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confidence: 99%

Coconut Oil and Levels of Fat in Milk Substitute for Veal Calves

Bouchard¹

1977

Can. J. Anim. Sci.

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Nutrition of the Pre-Ruminant Dairy Calf With Special Reference to the Digestion and Absorption of Nutrients: A Review

Abstract: not available

Cited by 85 publications

References 139 publications

The effect of replacing lactose by starch on protein and fat digestion in milk-fed veal calves

The effect of replacing lactose by starch on protein and fat digestion in milk-fed veal calves

Plasma Levels of Vitamins A, E and Carotene in Cows in Late Pregnancy and in Their Foetuses

Coconut Oil and Levels of Fat in Milk Substitute for Veal Calves

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