Nutrient patterns and risk of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma: a case-control study

Abstract

Although Iran is a high-risk country for esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC), the contribution of overall nutrient intakes to this high incidence rate is not yet clear. The aim of this study was to examine the association between nutrient patterns and risk of ESCC in Iran. Forty-seven patients with ESCC and 96 frequency-matched hospital controls underwent private interviews, and dietary habits were collected using a validated food-frequency questionnaire. Factor analysis was conducted and two major nutrient patterns were retained; factor 1 (high in pantothenic acid, vitamin C, potassium, vitamin B(6), magnesium, folate, thiamin, copper, carbohydrate, vitamin K, niacin, α-tocopherol, zinc, total fiber, fluoride, and polyunsaturated fatty acids) and factor 2 (high in saturated fatty acid, biotin, selenium, monounsaturated fatty acids, riboflavin, sodium, fat, cholesterol, calcium, phosphorus, protein, iron, vitamin E, manganese, vitamin D, and vitamin B(12)). Factor 2 was inversely associated with ESCC (OR = 0.06, 95% CI: 0.01-0.28; P = 0.008), whereas no significant association was found for factor 1 (OR = 0.45, 95% CI: 0.11-1.82). The results of the present study suggested a possible role for a nutrient pattern similar to factor 2 in reducing the risk of ESCC.

Dietary patterns and oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis

“…The risk estimates with corresponding 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) were reported. In the end, nine eligible articles (case–control design) (Bahmanyar and Ye, 2006; De Stefani et al , 2008a, 2008b, 2009; Hajizadeh et al , 2010, 2012; Navarro Silvera et al , 2011; Ibiebele et al , 2012; Bravi et al , 2012b) containing 1464 cases and 7863 controls were identified through a full text examination of 265 potential publications. Figure 1 shows a flow chart of literature search.…”

“…Figure 1 shows a flow chart of literature search. Three articles (De Stefani et al , 2008a, 2008b, 2009) came from a study in Uruguay and two articles (Hajizadeh et al , 2010, 2012) from a study in Iran were treated as five different studies, because the articles from a same study reported different dietary patterns: the three articles from the Uruguay study reported three nutrient patterns (high fat, carbohydrates, and antioxidants) in men and women (De Stefani et al , 2008a), four food patterns (traditional, healthy, high fat, and drinker) in men and women (De Stefani et al , 2008b), and four food patterns (prudent, traditional, western, and drinker) in men (De Stefani et al , 2009), respectively; the two articles from the Iran study reported two nutrient patterns (factor 1 and factor 2) (Hajizadeh et al , 2012) and two food patterns (healthy diet and western diet) (Hajizadeh et al , 2010), respectively.…”

“…The first pattern, named as healthy pattern, had a higher loading of fruits, fresh vegetables, dietary fibre, and antioxidants (such as plant sterols, vitamin C, vitamin E, carotenoids, and flavonoids), and lower in fat dairy, processed food and red meat. The articles under consideration labelled it as ‘fruits and vegetables' (Navarro Silvera et al , 2011; Ibiebele et al , 2012), ‘healthy' (Bahmanyar and Ye, 2006; De Stefani et al , 2008b; Hajizadeh et al , 2010), ‘antioxidants' (De Stefani et al , 2008a), ‘factor 2' (Hajizadeh et al , 2012), ‘vitamins and fibre' (Bravi et al , 2012b), and ‘prudent' (De Stefani et al , 2009). The second pattern was named as western pattern, which had higher loading of fat, red meat, processed food and fat acid, and lower loading of fruits, vegetables, and dietary fibres.…”

One-Carbon Metabolism Nutrients and Epigenetics: A Mechanistic Link Between Aberrant One-Carbon Metabolism and Cancer Risk?

“…Furthermore, another case-control study performed in Iranian middle aged to elderly adults used factor analysis to investigate nutrients and dietary patterns associated with ESCC. Two dietary nutrient patterns were identifi ed and factor 2, but not factor 1, had an inverse relationship with ESCC risk (Hajizadeh et al 2012 ). Interestingly, dietary folate and vitamin B 6 were loaded in factor 1 which saw no effect whereas vitamin B 12 was loaded in factor 2 which was protective.…”

Nutrient Patterns and Risk of Multiple Sclerosis: A Case-Control Study

“…Results indicated that the administered questionnaire was of reasonable relative validity and reproducibility for assessment of dietary intake in Tehranian adults [16,17]. This questionnaire has been used before by Hajizadeh et al to study dietary patterns in relation to general obesity and central adiposity among Iranian women [18].…”