Nursery performance of Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei Boone, 1931) cultivated in a biofloc system: the effect of adding different carbon sources

Abstract

Effect of different carbon sources on nursery performance of Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) cultivated in biofloc system was investigated. Shrimp postlarvae (98.47 AE 8.6 mg) were fed for 32 days in tanks with water volume of 130 L and density of 1 individual L À1 . One control treatment and four biofloc treatments (BFT1, BFT2, BFT3 and BFT4) with adding different carbon sources including molasses, starch, wheat flour and mixture of them, respectively, were considered at equal weight ratios. According to the results, salinity, dissolved oxygen and pH were not significantly different among the biofloc treatments (P > 0.05). Maximum pH (8.27) and maximum dissolved oxygen (6.35 mg L À1 ) were recorded in the control. Maximum (0.43 mg L À1 ) and minimum (0.09 mg L À1 ) ammonia were recorded in the control and BFT2, respectively (P < 0.05). Using simple carbohydrates (molasses and starch) lowered the ammonia concentration significantly. The highest increase in body weight (1640.43 AE 231.28 mg), growth rate, specific growth rate (8.97 AE 0.42% per day) and biomass (190.29 AE 26.83 mg) were found in BFT1 and the highest survival (90 AE 0.77%) was found in BFT4. The highest feed conversion (1.52 AE 0.23) and the lowest feed efficiency (66.81 AE 7.95) were observed in the control (P < 0.05). The proximate composition analysis revealed an increase in lipid and ash in biofloc treatments. Results indicated that using biofloc technology with zero-water exchange system and adding carbon sources could help to recycle waste and improve the water quality. Moreover, the type of carbonaceous organic matter as a substrate for heterotrophic bacteria would be effective in degradation and metabolization of ammonia and nitrite.

Rearing of the Pacific white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei in a biofloc system: The effects of different food sources and salinity levels

“…The higher levels of biochemical compounds in the biofloc system compared with control group have been reported by other researchers, and this phenomenon is probably due to amino acid compounds, fatty acids (PUFA and HUFA) and other nutrients found in flocs consumed by aquatic animals (Izquierdo et al, ; Ju et al, ; Khanjani, Sajjadi, Alizadeh, & Sourinejad, ; Tacon et al, ). Nutritional quality of biofloc could be affected by an environmental condition such as temperature, aeration, dissolved oxygen, carbon source used, TSS level, salinity, stocking density, light intensity, pH and the type of microbial community (Avnimelech, ; De Schryver, Crab, Defoirdt, Boon, & Verstraete, ; Emerenciano et al, ; Khanjani et al, ; Martínez‐Córdova, Emerenciano, Miranda‐Baeza, & Martínez‐Porchas, ).…”

Effects of different carbon sources and dietary protein levels in a biofloc system on growth performance, immune response against white spot syndrome virus infection and cathepsin L gene expression ofLitopenaeus vannamei

“…Moreover, using SDE as a carbon source led to lower water TAN level than molasses may as a result of high content of readily soluble and fermentable sugars (Khezri et al, ). In this context, it has been reported that simple carbohydrate sources are able to remove TAN faster than complex carbohydrates (Avnimelech et al ; Khanjani et al, ; Bakhshi et al, ; Ahmad et al, ). Furthermore, date extract is a rich source of many nutritional factors (i.e.…”

Fermenting rice bran as a carbon source for biofloc technology improved the water quality, growth, feeding efficiencies, and biochemical composition of African catfish Clarias gariepinus juveniles

“…Bioflocs consist of various organic materials such as bacteria, microalgae, uneaten food, and zooplankton, which can serve as a constant supply of additional nutrients for aquatic animals that are capable of collecting and consuming these small particles (Bossier & Ekasari, ; Emerenciano, Gaxiola, & Cuzon, ). The use of BFT has successfully improved the growth and feeding efficiencies in various aquatic species such as Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei (Khanjani, Sajjadi, Alizadeh, & Sourinejad, ; Serra, Gaona, Furtado, Poersch, & Wasielesky, ), tilapia Oreochromis niloticus (Long, Yang, Li, Guan, & Wu, ), and the carps Cyprinus carpio and Hypophthalmichthys molitrix (Zhao et al, ). Additional benefits may also include an improved immune response and/or resistance to diseases as observed in L. vannamei (Ekasari et al, ), rohu Labeo rohita (Ahmad et al, ) and African catfish Clarias gariepinus (Dauda, Romano, Ebrahimi, et al, ).…”

“…For example, the use of complex carbohydrates over simple sugars led to a better growth performance to L. vannamei and the black tiger shrimp Penaeus monodon , which was believed to be due to a higher nutritional value of the bioflocs (Kumar et al, ; Serra et al, ). On the other hand, simple sugars or glycerol is more effective at removing ammonia‐N in biofloc‐based systems compared to complex carbohydrates (Dauda et al, ; Khanjani et al, ; Serra et al, ). In the case of C. gariepinus , the slower utilization of rice bran subsequently led to excessive ammonia‐N levels, which was believed to substantially reduce survival in a biofloc‐based system (Dauda et al, ).…”