Numerical study on the air conditioning characteristics of the human nasal cavity

Kim, Da-Woon; Chung, Seung‐Kyu; Na, Yang

doi:10.1016/j.compbiomed.2017.04.018

Cited by 35 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…49 Heat transfer to the nasal mucosa as demonstrated by CFD is much higher in the anterior part of the nasal cavity, from the nostrils to the region of the head of the middle turbinate. 15,27,29,31,32,56,66 This finding is in line with studies demonstrating that the inhaled air reaches almost the body temperature in this region of the nasal cavity, 59,67 thereby validating data achieved by CFD temperature analysis. Furthermore, it is known that thermoreceptors are distributed throughout the nasal cavity, predominantly in the anterior part of the nasal airway, 34 which also supports the connection between CFD temperature analysis and thermoreceptors activity.…”

Section: Heat Transfersupporting

confidence: 87%

“…The quality of the mesh created from these files and used in the virtual 3D model of the nasal airway is important for the accuracy of CFD analysis. 56 Currently, up to six million meshes of combined tetrahedral and prism elements are used to generate the 3D model upon which CFD analysis is performed. 57 For increased accuracy of the CFD analysis, the CT or MRI scan should be taken from the nostrils to the nasopharynx and should include the soft tissues of the face.…”

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confidence: 99%

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An Overview of Computational Fluid Dynamics Preoperative Analysis of the Nasal Airway

et al. 2021

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Evaluation of the nasal airway is crucial for every patient with symptoms of nasal obstruction as well as for every patient with other nasal symptoms. This assessment of the nasal airway comprises clinical examination together with imaging studies, with the correlation between findings of this evaluation and symptoms reported by the patient being based on the experience of the surgeon. Measuring nasal airway resistance or nasal airflow can provide additional data regarding the nasal airway, but the benefit of these objective measurements is limited due to their lack of correlation with patient-reported evaluation of nasal breathing. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) has emerged as a valuable tool to assess the nasal airway, as it provides objective measurements that correlate with patient-reported evaluation of nasal breathing. CFD is able to evaluate nasal airflow and measure variables such as heat transfer or nasal wall shear stress, which seem to reflect the activity of the nasal trigeminal sensitive endings that provide sensation of nasal breathing. Furthermore, CFD has the unique capacity of making airway analysis of virtual surgery, predicting airflow changes after trial virtual modifications of the nasal airway. Thereby, CFD can assist the surgeon in deciding surgery and selecting the surgical techniques that better address the features of each specific nose. CFD has thus become a trend in nasal airflow assessment, providing reliable results that have been validated for analyzing airflow in the human nasal cavity. All these features make CFD analysis a mainstay in the armamentarium of the nasal surgeon. CFD analysis may become the gold standard for preoperative assessment of the nasal airway.

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Section: Heat Transfersupporting

confidence: 87%

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confidence: 99%

An Overview of Computational Fluid Dynamics Preoperative Analysis of the Nasal Airway

et al. 2021

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“…Besides PM2.5 concentration, other meteorological factors, including humidity and temperature, vary in different seasons as well. However, considering the ability of the nasal cavity to condition cold and dry air, which took place mainly in the anterior nasal segment, including the nasal valve area,25 we assume PM2.5 as a potent but not exclusive reason of TJs impairment in the winter season.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Particulate Matter 2.5 Causes Deficiency in Barrier Integrity in Human Nasal Epithelial Cells

Xian

Wang

et al. 2020

Allergy Asthma Immunol Res

101

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The effect of air pollution-related particulate matter (PM) on epithelial barrier function and tight junction (TJ) expression in human nasal mucosa has not been studied to date. This study therefore aimed to assess the direct impact of PM with an aerodynamic diameter less than 2.5 (PM2.5) on the barrier function and TJ molecular expression of human nasal epithelial cells. METHODS: Air-liquid interface cultures were established with epithelial cells derived from noninflammatory nasal mucosal tissue collected from patients undergoing paranasal sinus surgery. Confluent cultures were exposed to 50 or 100 g/mL PM2.5 for up to 72 hours, and assessed for 1) epithelial barrier integrity as measured by transepithelial resistance (TER) and permeability of fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) 4 kDa; 2) expression of TJs using real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction and immunofluorescence staining, and 3) proinflammatory cytokines by luminometric bead array or enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS: Compared to control medium, 50 and/or 100 g/mL PM2.5-treatment 1) significantly decreased TER and increased FITC permeability, which could not be restored by budesonide pretreatment; 2) significantly decreased the expression of claudin-1 messenger RNA, claudin-1, occludin and ZO-1 protein; and 3) significantly increased production of the cytokines interleukin-8, TIMP metallopeptidase inhibitor 1 and thymic stromal lymphopoietin. CONCLUSIONS: Exposure to PM2.5 may lead to loss of barrier function in human nasal epithelium through decreased expression of TJ proteins and increased release of proinflammatory cytokines. These results suggest an important mechanism of susceptibility to rhinitis and rhinosinusitis in highly PM2.5-polluted areas.

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“…The values of δ μ , f , Q in , t in and v μ given in this table are typical of a healthy adult, at rest. The range of values of RH in and T in given in the table are typical ranges of values of the relative humidity and the temperature of the air at the inlet of the trachea, during inspiration, at rest and in usual atmospheric conditions (from outdoor cold and dry air to normal indoor air) [ 25 , 27 , 32 ].…”

Section: Geometrical Representation Of the Lungs And Parameters Of Thmentioning

confidence: 99%

New insights into the mechanisms controlling the bronchial mucus balance

et al. 2018

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In this work, we aim to analyze and compare the mechanisms controlling the volume of mucus in the bronchial region of the lungs of a healthy human adult, at rest and in usual atmospheric conditions. This analysis is based on a balance equation for the mucus in an airway, completed by a computational tool aiming at characterizing the evaporation, during respiration, of the water contained in the bronchial mucus. An idealized representation of the lungs, based on Weibel’s morphometric model, is used. The results indicate that the mechanisms controlling the volume of mucus in an airway depend on the localization of the airway in the bronchial region of the lungs. In the proximal generations, the volume of mucus in an airway is mainly controlled by the evaporation of the water it contains and the replenishment, with water, of the mucus layer by epithelial cells or the submucosal glands. Nevertheless, cilia beating in this part of the bronchial region remains of fundamental importance to transport the mucus and hence to eliminate dust and pathogens trapped in it. On the other hand, in the distal generations of the bronchial region, the volume of mucus in an airway is mainly controlled by the mucociliary transport and by the absorption of liquid by the epithelium. This absorption is a consequence of the mucus displacement by the cilia along generations with an interface between the epithelium and the airway surface layer of decreasing area. The numerical results obtained are in good agreement with previously published experimental data, thus validating our approach. We also briefly discuss how our results can improve the understanding and, possibly, the treatment of pulmonary diseases.

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Numerical study on the air conditioning characteristics of the human nasal cavity

Cited by 35 publications

References 25 publications

An Overview of Computational Fluid Dynamics Preoperative Analysis of the Nasal Airway

An Overview of Computational Fluid Dynamics Preoperative Analysis of the Nasal Airway

Particulate Matter 2.5 Causes Deficiency in Barrier Integrity in Human Nasal Epithelial Cells

New insights into the mechanisms controlling the bronchial mucus balance

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