Numerical simulation of the lightning electromagnetic fields along a rough and ocean‐land mixed propagation path

Zhang, Qilin; Jing, Xianwen; Yang, Jing; Li, Dongshuai; Tang, Xiao

doi:10.1029/2012jd017851

Cited by 16 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…It should also be mentioned that we have not considered the effect of the soil stratification along the considered field propagation path, which depends on the depth of the top layer and electrical characteristics of the layers (Li et al, ; Zhang et al, ).…”

Section: Modelingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electromagnetic Fields Associated With the M‐Component Mode of Charge Transfer

Rachidi

Azadifar

et al. 2019

JGR Atmospheres

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In upward flashes, charge transfer to ground largely takes place during the initial continuous current (ICC) and its superimposed pulses (ICC pulses). ICC pulses can be associated with either M‐component or leader/return‐stroke‐like modes of charge transfer to ground. In the latter case, the downward leader/return stroke process is believed to take place in a decayed branch or a newly created channel connected to the ICC‐carrying channel at relatively short distance from the tower top, resulting in the so‐called mixed mode of charge transfer to ground. In this paper, we study the electromagnetic fields associated with the M‐component charge transfer mode using simultaneous records of electric fields and currents associated with upward flashes initiated from the Säntis Tower. The effect of the mountainous terrain on the propagation of electromagnetic fields associated with the M‐component charge transfer mode (including classical M‐component pulses and M‐component‐type pulses superimposed on the initial continuous current) is analyzed and compared with its effect on the fields associated with the return stroke (occurring after the extinction of the ICC) and mixed charge transfer modes. For the analysis, we use a 2‐Dimentional Finite‐Difference Time Domain method, in which the M‐component is modeled by the superposition of a downward current wave and an upward current wave resulting from the reflection at the bottom of the lightning channel (Rakov et al., 1995, https://doi.org/10.1029/95JD01924 model) and the return stroke and mixed mode are modeled adopting the MTLE (Modified Transmission Line with Exponential Current Decay with Height) model. The finite ground conductivity and the mountainous propagation terrain between the Säntis Tower and the field sensor located 15 km away at Herisau are taken into account. The effects of the mountainous path on the electromagnetic fields are examined for classical M‐component and M‐component‐type ICC pulses. Use is made of the propagation factors defined as the ratio of the electric or magnetic field peak evaluated along the mountainous terrain to the field peak evaluated for a flat terrain. The velocity of the M‐component pulse is found to have a significant effect on the risetime of the electromagnetic fields. A faster traveling wave speed results in larger peaks for the magnetic field. However, the peak of the electric field appears to be insensitive to the M‐component wave speed. This can be explained by the fact that at 15 km, the electric field is still dominated by the static component, which mainly depends on the overall transferred charge. The contribution of the radiation component to the M‐component fields at 100 km accounts for about 77% of the peak electric field and 81% of the peak magnetic field, considerably lower compared to the contribution of the radiation component to the return stroke fields at the same distance. The simulation results show that neither the electric nor the magnetic field propagation factors are very sensitive to the risetimes of...

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Section: Modelingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electromagnetic Fields Associated With the M‐Component Mode of Charge Transfer

Rachidi

Azadifar

et al. 2019

JGR Atmospheres

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“…The attenuation of the initial radiation field resulting from the propagation over finitely conducting ground strongly depends on the current risetime, the object height, the ground conductivity and so on. When the lightning strikes tall objects, the high frequency content increases due to the transient process, the corresponding attenuation will become more seriously, because of the selective attenuation of the high frequency components along the finitely conducting ground (e.g., Rubinstein, 1996;Cooray, 1987Cooray, , 2003Cooray, , 2008Cooray, , 2009Cooray and Ming, 1994;Cooray and Perez, 1994;Cooray et al, 2000;Delfino et al, 2008aDelfino et al, , 2008bShoory et al, 2011aShoory et al, , 2011bZhang et al, 2012aZhang et al, , 2012bZhang et al, , 2012cZhang et al, , 2012dZhang et al, , 2013Li et al, 2013Li et al, , 2014. As a result, the peak and peak derivatives of the electromagnetic radiation fields far away from a lightning strike point may deviate from their ideal values.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…Based on the azimuthal magnetic field on the perfectly conducting ground as depicted above, the propagation effect of the finite conductivity of the earth can be computed as below (e.g., Shoory et al, 2011aShoory et al, , 2011bCooray and Ming, 1994;Zhang et al, 2012aZhang et al, , 2012bZhang et al, , 2012cZhang et al, , 2012dZhang et al, , 2013Li et al, 2013Li et al, , 2014.…”

Section: The Model Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Validation and revision of far-field-current relationship for the lightning strike to electrically short objects

Zhang

Hou

et al. 2014

Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics

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“…Most studies considered the effect of the ground conductivity by assuming a homogeneous finitely conducting smooth ground (Aoki et al, ; Hu and Cummer, ; Qin et al, ; Shao et al, ; Tran et al, ). More recently, the effect of the propagation of lightning electromagnetic fields over a rough surface has been investigated in many studies (Cooray and Ming, ; Ming and Cooray, ; Li et al, , , , ; Liu et al, ; Schulz and Diendorfer, ; Zhang, Jing, et al, ; Zhang, Yang, et al, ). It was noted that the waveshape, peak value, and time delay of the lightning‐radiated fields could be strongly affected when the propagation proceeds along a mountainous terrain or a nonflat ground.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Propagation Effects of Lightning Electromagnetic Fields Over Mountainous Terrain in the Earth‐Ionosphere Waveguide

Luque

Rachidi

et al. 2019

JGR Atmospheres

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In this paper, a full‐wave two‐dimensional Finite‐Difference‐Time‐Domain model is developed to evaluate the propagation effects of lightning electromagnetic fields over mountainous terrain in the Earth‐ionosphere waveguide. In the model, we investigate the effect of the Earth‐ionosphere waveguide structure and medium parameters, including the effect of the ionospheric cold plasma characteristics, the effect of the Earth curvature, and the propagation effects over mountainous terrain. For the first time, the obtained results are validated against simultaneous experimental data consisting of lightning currents measured at the Säntis Tower and electric fields measured in Neudorf, Austria, located at 380‐km distance from the tower. It is shown that both the time delays and amplitudes of the lightning electromagnetic fields at 380‐km distance can be strongly affected by the ionospheric electron density profile, the mountainous terrain, and the Earth curvature. After taking into account the effect of the irregular terrain between the Säntis Tower and the field measurement station, the vertical electric fields calculated by using our model are found to be in good agreement with the corresponding measured cases occurred in both daytime and nighttime. The ideal approximation used in either the classical solutions or the simplified models might lead to inaccuracies in the estimated reflection height. Furthermore, we discuss the sensitivity of our results by considering different return stroke models, as well as different typical values of the return stroke speed and of the ground conductivity.

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Numerical simulation of the lightning electromagnetic fields along a rough and ocean‐land mixed propagation path

Cited by 16 publications

References 31 publications

Electromagnetic Fields Associated With the M‐Component Mode of Charge Transfer

Electromagnetic Fields Associated With the M‐Component Mode of Charge Transfer

Validation and revision of far-field-current relationship for the lightning strike to electrically short objects

The Propagation Effects of Lightning Electromagnetic Fields Over Mountainous Terrain in the Earth‐Ionosphere Waveguide

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