Numerical simulation of molten metal droplet transfer and weld pool convection during gas metal arc welding using incompressible smoothed particle hydrodynamics method

An Incompressible Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (ISPH) Model of Direct Laser Interference Patterning

“…The existence of a continuous second derivative of the kernel function in condition (38) is imposed [43], and, in particular, is necessary if it is evaluated in second derivative approximations.…”

“…However, the melt pool flow during nanosecond laser irradiation at moderate fluences was not studied to date using SPH. According to the best of the authors' knowledge, an incompressible SPH (ISPH) model was not applied to the laser-induced molten bath flow before, in contrast to weld pool convection [38].…”

Three-Dimensional Simulation of Gas Metal Arc Welding Process Using Particle-Grid Hybrid Method

“…is the arc pressure, is the unit normal vector, is the cross-section area of a particle, is the volume of a particle. is other external force including the Marangoni effect, the shearing force, the Lorentz force, the surface tension force in normal direction and the buoyancy 4) . The temperature of the particle is calculated by the energy transfer equation, which is expressed as…”

“…is the temperature, is the specific heat and is the thermal conductivity. is the heat generation rate of a metal surface, in which the heat flux from a shielding gas, the emission loss, the cooling by the electron outflow, and the heating by the ion recombination are considered 4) . is the heat flux by the evaporation.…”

Simplified surface heat source distribution for GMAW process simulation based on the EDACC principle

“…It is clear that this represents a simplification that does not reflect the real conditions in the weld pool. In [7], the treatment of the sheath processes is referred to [8]. In this work, as well as in [9] and [10], it is not entirely clear how the cathode sheath is solved, but it seems like the total current density is calculated from the Maxwell equations and the contribution from the thermionic current density is calculated by the Richardson-Dushman equation, while the contribution by the ion flux is simply assumed as the difference between these two values.…”