Numerical Simulation of an Intense Squall Line during 10–11 June 1985 PRE-STORM. Part II: Rear Inflow, Surface Pressure Perturbations and Stratiform Precipitation

Zhang, Dalin; Gao, Kun

doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1989)117<2067:nsoais>2.0.co;2

Cited by 64 publications

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“…Since Johnson (1976) first attempted to include the downdraft effects in cumulus diagnosis, various efforts have been made to come up with a reasonable method of parameterizing downdrafts (e.g., Fritsch and Chappell 1980;Molinari and Corsetti 1985;Frank and Cohen 1987;Grell 1993;Cheng and Arakawa 1997). The importance of the convective downdraft, in the cumulus parameterization scheme, is relatively well established in mesoscale models (e.g., Zhang and Gao 1989;Grell 1993;Spencer and Stensrud 1998). For example, Zhang and Gao (1989) demonstrated that the convective downdraft is one of the key mechanisms in reproducing the cooling and moistening of below-cloud layers, which results in the subsequent development of organized convective clouds over the central Great Plains.…”

Section: Major Differences Between the Kuo Andmentioning

confidence: 87%

“…The importance of the convective downdraft, in the cumulus parameterization scheme, is relatively well established in mesoscale models (e.g., Zhang and Gao 1989;Grell 1993;Spencer and Stensrud 1998). For example, Zhang and Gao (1989) demonstrated that the convective downdraft is one of the key mechanisms in reproducing the cooling and moistening of below-cloud layers, which results in the subsequent development of organized convective clouds over the central Great Plains. Further, the representation of the convective downdraft in a mesoscale model, has been shown to improve quantitative precipitation forecasts (e.g., Spencer and Stensrud 1998).…”

Section: Major Differences Between the Kuo Andmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Therefore, an additional sensitivity experiment, that excludes the moist downdrafts of the SAS scheme, is also performed. This study also differs from the previous studies dealing with the importance of the moist downdrafts (e.g., Zhang and Gao 1989;Spencer and Stensrud 1998). These studies were limited to a few cases of mesoscale convective systems, developed over the Great Plains in the United States, rather than statistical evaluation within a global forecast system.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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An Evaluation of a Mass-Flux Cumulus Parameterization Scheme in the KMA Global Forecast System

Park

Hong

2007

Journal of the Meteorological Society of Japan

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A mass-flux type cumulus parameterization scheme is evaluated in the Korea Meteorological Administration (KMA)'s Global Data Assimilation and Prediction System (GDAPS). Two sets of parallel assimilation runs, with a horizontal resolution corresponding to the spectral truncation of T213, approximately 50 km, are designed, one with the operational Kuo convection scheme, and another with a simplified Arakawa-Schubert (SAS) convection scheme, for the month of July 2001, which was a typical summer monsoon period in Korea. An additional sensitivity experiment, that excludes the moist downdrafts in the SAS scheme, is conducted. A 10-day forecast cycle is run, within a data assimilation window, beginning at every 1200 UTC in July 2001. A heavy rainfall event, that occurred in the Korean peninsula on 14-15 July 2001, is investigated in detail.For the heavy rainfall case, the SAS scheme tends to reduce the precipitation amount, as compared to the Kuo scheme. It is found that the exclusion of moist downdrafts in the SAS scheme, increases drying and heating rates, resulting in enhanced rainfall, as shown in the Kuo scheme. The monthly verification demonstrates that the systematic warm bias in the lower troposphere in the operational model is nearly absent when the SAS scheme is employed. In terms of statistical measure of the skill for the predicted sea-level pressure, and that for the upper level patterns, the experiment with the SAS (Kuo) scheme outperforms in the northern (southern) hemisphere. In the case of precipitation forecasts, the SAS scheme effectively corrects the spurious excessive precipitation over the tropical land area, due to the inclusion of moist downdrafts. However, the reduction in precipitation in the SAS scheme, deteriorates the forecast skill for high precipitation categories.

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Section: Major Differences Between the Kuo Andmentioning

confidence: 87%

Section: Major Differences Between the Kuo Andmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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An Evaluation of a Mass-Flux Cumulus Parameterization Scheme in the KMA Global Forecast System

Park

Hong

2007

Journal of the Meteorological Society of Japan

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“…The relatively strong inflow coming from the rear of the convective region suggests that the trailing anvil region also plays an important role in feeding the deep, cold air. Lafore and Moncrieff (1989) and Zhang and Gao (1989) used numerical simulations to show that rear inflow has a significant effect on the convective region by increasing the low-level convergence and the mass in the cold pool. Using three-dimensional simulations, Weisman (1992) found that rear inflow can either remain elevated near the leading edge of the line or descend and spread along the surface well behind the leading edge of the system.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Experimental cloud simulations by Weisman et al (1988) and Weisman (1992) showed that the CAPE directly controls the maximum amount of buoyancy that can be realized by a parcel lifted from near the surface, while the vertical wind shear controls the characteristics of the lifting produced near the leading edge of the system, thereby controlling the magnitude of the buoyancy perturbations that are actually realized both aloft and within the cold pool. Zhang and Gao (1989) suggested that there were three different scales of dynamic processes involved in the development of the rear inflow: the large-scale baroclinity which produces strong rear inflow within the upper half of the troposphere, the mesoscale response to the convective development which enhances the mid-level trailing inflow, and the moist downdrafts responsible for the descending portion of the rear inflow close to the leading line. From numerical simulations, Laforeand Moncrieff (1989) showed that horizontal potential temperature gradients generated by a combination of latent heat release in the convective region, and unsaturated mesoscale descent-both modulated by evaporation-cause a horizontal pressure gradient and generate horizontal, line-parallel vorticity.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dual Doppler Radar Observation of a Tropical Rainband Developed from Two Convective Clouds

Fujiyoshi

Geng

1995

Journal of the Meteorological Society of Japan

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The structure and evolution of a small, isolated convective rainband, which developed over the warm pool between January 5 and 6, 1993, were examined in detail using sounding and dual-Doppler radar data from Manus Island, Papua New Guinea, during the TOGA-COARE TOP. The rainband developed from two small convective cells and decayed within the dual-Doppler radar coverage area.The rainband was oriented parallel to the low-level environmental shear with a lower magnitude of 2.5 x 10-3 s-1 and the CAPE was as small as 342 J kg-1. It moved from 320 to 140 at a speed of 5.5 m s-l. During its mature stage, it was 30 km long and 15 km wide. Rain water within the rainband was mainly concentrated below the 3.0 km level and decreased rapidly with height. The maximum updraft was about 4N5 m s-1 and the maximum radar reflectivity was about 3540 dBZ.The number of convective cells changed with time as follows: two at the initial stage, five at the developing stage, and one at the mature stage. The low-level front inflow was lifted upward within the cells, formed the main updrafts over the reflectivity cores, and then moved toward the trailing region. There were no strong downdrafts below the heavy rainfall area, and there was no widespread stratiform region behind the convective region. Convective-scale rear inflows were observed in the early stage. These rear inflows aggregated with each other, increased in area and depth, and developed into a flow like a gravity current. The aggregated rear inflow with a gravity current "head" moved faster than the rainband, caused strong low-level convergence, and triggered explosive development of a convective cell in the mature stage, according to a detailed analysis of the dual Doppler radar data. The aggregation of convective-scale rear inflows appears to be important in the organization of a rainband.

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Seasonal evaluation of rainfall estimation by four cumulus parameterization schemes and their sensitivity analysis

Ishak

Bray

Remesan

et al. 2011

Hydrological Processes

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Abstract:Sustainable water resources management require scientifically sound information on precipitation, as it plays a key role in hydrological responses in a catchment. In recent years, mesoscale weather models in conjunction with hydrological models have gained great attention as they can provide high-resolution downscaled weather variables. Many cumulus parameterization schemes (CPSs) have been developed and incorporated into three-dimensional Pennsylvania State University/National Center for Atmospheric Research (PSU/NCAR) mesoscale model 5 (MM5). This study has performed a comprehensive evaluation of four CPSs (the Anthes-Kuo, Grell, Betts-Miller and Kain-Fritsch93 schemes) to identify how their inclusion influences the mesoscale model's precipitation estimation capabilities. The study has also compared these four CPSs in terms of variability in rainfall estimation at various horizontal and vertical levels. For this purpose, the MM5 was nested down to resolution of 81 km for Domain 1 (domain span 21 ð 81 km) and 3 km for Domain 4 (domain span 16 ð 3 km), respectively, with vertical resolutions at 23, 40 and 53 vertical levels. The study was carried out at the Brue catchment in Southwest England using both the ERA-40 reanalysis data and the land-based observation data. The performances of four CPs were evaluated in terms of their ability to simulate the amount of cumulative rainfall in 4 months in 1995 representing the four seasonal months, namely, January (winter), March (spring), July (summer) and October (autumn). It is observed that the Anthes-Kuo scheme has produced inferior precipitation values during spring and autumn seasons while simulations during winter and summer were consistently good. The Betts-Miller scheme has produced some reasonable results, particularly at the small-scale domain (3 km grid size) during winter and summer. The KF2 scheme was the best scheme for the larger-scale (81 km grid size) domain during winter season at both 23 and 53 vertical levels. This scheme tended to underestimate rainfall for other seasons including the small-scale domain (3 km grid size) in the mesoscale. The Grell scheme was the best scheme in simulating rainfall rates, and was found to be superior to other three schemes with consistently better results in all four seasons and in different domain scales.

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Numerical Simulation of an Intense Squall Line during 10–11 June 1985 PRE-STORM. Part II: Rear Inflow, Surface Pressure Perturbations and Stratiform Precipitation

Cited by 64 publications

References 0 publications

An Evaluation of a Mass-Flux Cumulus Parameterization Scheme in the KMA Global Forecast System

An Evaluation of a Mass-Flux Cumulus Parameterization Scheme in the KMA Global Forecast System

Dual Doppler Radar Observation of a Tropical Rainband Developed from Two Convective Clouds

Seasonal evaluation of rainfall estimation by four cumulus parameterization schemes and their sensitivity analysis

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