Numerical modeling of lava flow cooling applied to the 1997 Okmok eruption: Approach and analysis

Patrick, Matthew R.; Dehn, J.; Dean, Kenneth

doi:10.1029/2003jb002537

Cited by 70 publications

(78 citation statements)

References 59 publications

(119 reference statements)

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“…Radiative heat loss from the lava flow to the atmosphere is affected by air temperature, wind, and precipitation (e.g., Patrick et al 2004) but diminishes rapidly with decreasing temperature, typically in less time (minutes to hours) than it takes to emplace the flow. However, convective heat loss to the atmosphere continues throughout cooling (Neri 1998) and would lead to more rapid cooling of the lava.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Use of Clumped-Isotope Thermometry To Constrain the Crystallization Temperature of Diagenetic Calcite

Huntington¹,

Budd²,

Wernicke³

et al. 2011

Journal of Sedimentary Research

129

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We describe an approach to estimating the crystallization temperatures of diagenetic calcites using clumped-isotope thermometry, a paleothermometer based on the 13 C- 18O-bond enrichment in carbonates. Application of this thermometer to calcified gastropod shells and calcite cements in an early Eocene limestone from the Colorado Plateau reveals a record of calcite precipitation and replacement at temperatures varying from 14 to 123uC. The early Eocene host sediments were never deeply buried, but they experienced a significant thermal pulse associated with the emplacement of a late Miocene basalt flow. The combination of independent constraints on thermal history with clumped-isotope thermometry, petrographic (including cathodoluminescence) observations, and oxygen isotopic data provides an improved basis for estimation of the temperature and timing of diagenetic events and fluid sources. The petrography and calcite d 18O values, taken alone, suggest that the aragonite-tocalcite transformation of gastropod shell material occurred simultaneously with early formation of cements and lithification of the matrix in the same sample. However, addition of clumped-isotope thermometry demonstrates that this phase transformation of shell material occurred at temperatures of 94-123uC in a highly rock-buffered microenvironment (i.e., with the isotopic composition of fluid buffered by coexisting carbonate), millions of years after lithification of the matrix and formation of initial low-temperature (14-19uC) calcite cements within shell body cavities. Clumped-isotope temperatures in excess of reasonable Earth-surface conditions recorded by later-formed cements demand that cement growth occurred in association with the lava emplacement. Our results illustrate the potential for clumped-isotope thermometry to constrain conditions of diagenesis and guide interpretations that would not be possible on the basis of conventional stable-isotopic and petrographic data alone, and demonstrate how petrographic characterization of clumped-isotope thermometry samples can benefit paleoclimate studies.

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mentioning

confidence: 99%

Use of Clumped-Isotope Thermometry To Constrain the Crystallization Temperature of Diagenetic Calcite

Huntington¹,

Budd²,

Wernicke³

et al. 2011

Journal of Sedimentary Research

129

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“…Keszthelyi and Denlinger, 1996;Wooster et al 1997;Cashman et al 1999;Patrick et al 2004;Kolzenburg et al 2016). Lava flows cool by thermal radiation and atmospheric convection from the surface and by conduction to the underlying country-rock (Keszthelyi and Denlinger, 1996;Neri, 1998;Patrick et al 2004).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…where σ is the Stefan-Boltzmann constant (5.67051 × 10 −8 W/ m 2 /K 4 ), ε is the emissivity of the lava surface (assumed to be 0.95 for basalt; Patrick et al 2004), A flow is the final area of the cooling lava flow field (84 km 2 ; Pedersen et al 2017), and BT MIR,flow and BT MIR,bk are the average brightness temperatures of the flow surface pixels and surrounding background, respectively, calculated from selected MODIS-MIROVA cloud-free images (Fig. 6).…”

Section: Lava Flow Field Radiant Heat Fluxmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Extended SO2 outgassing from the 2014–2015 Holuhraun lava flow field, Iceland

et al. 2017

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The 2014-2015 Holuhraun eruption was the largest fissure eruption in Iceland in the last 200 years. This flood basalt eruption produced~1.6 km 3 of lava, forming a lava flow field covering an area of~84 km 2 . Over the 6-month course of the eruption,~11 Mt of SO 2 were released from the eruptive vents as well as from the cooling lava flow field. This work examines the post-eruption SO 2 flux emitted by the Holuhraun lava flow field, providing the first study of the extent and relative importance of the outgassing of a lava flow field after emplacement. We use data from a scanning differential optical absorption spectroscopy (DOAS) instrument installed at the eruption site to monitor the flux of SO 2 . In this study, we propose a new method to estimate the SO 2 emissions from the lava flow field, based on the characteristic shape of the scanned column density distribution of a homogenous source close to the ground. Post-eruption outgassing of the lava flow field continued for at least 3 months after the end of the eruption, with SO 2 flux between < 1 and 9 kg/s. The lava flow field post-eruption emissions were not a significant contributor to the total SO 2 released during the eruption; however, the lava flow field was still an important polluter and caused high concentrations of SO 2 at ground level after lava effusion ceased.

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“…Lava flows can be centimetres to tens of metres thick (MacDonald, 1953), have emplacement temperatures of 800-1200°C (Kilburn, 2015) and can take weeks to months to cool to ambient temperatures (e.g., Patrick et al, 2004;Patrick et al, 2005). However, it is possible to get very close to active lava flows unharmed and unburnt, and in all but rare cases lava flows are slow enough to be outwalked (Blong, 1984).…”

Section: Lava Flowmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluating the impacts of volcanic eruptions using RiskScape

et al. 2017

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RiskScape is a free multi-hazard risk assessment software programme jointly developed by GNS Science and the National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research (NIWA) in New Zealand. RiskScape has a modular structure, with hazard layers, assets, and loss functions prepared separately. While RiskScape was originally developed for New Zealand, given suitable hazard and exposed asset information, RiskScape can be run anywhere in the world. Volcanic hazards are among the many hazards considered by RiskScape. We first present RiskScape's framework for all hazards, and then describe in more detail the five volcanic hazards -tephra deposition, pyroclastic density currents, lava flows, lahars, and edifice construction/excavation. We describe how loss functions were selected and developed. We use a scenario example to illustrate not only how RiskScape's volcanic module works but also how RiskScape can be used to compare across natural hazards.

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Numerical modeling of lava flow cooling applied to the 1997 Okmok eruption: Approach and analysis

Cited by 70 publications

References 59 publications

Use of Clumped-Isotope Thermometry To Constrain the Crystallization Temperature of Diagenetic Calcite

Use of Clumped-Isotope Thermometry To Constrain the Crystallization Temperature of Diagenetic Calcite

Extended SO2 outgassing from the 2014–2015 Holuhraun lava flow field, Iceland

Evaluating the impacts of volcanic eruptions using RiskScape

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