Numerical Investigation of Two-Phase Flow Evolution of In- and Near-Nozzle Regions of a Gasoline Direct Injection Engine During Needle Transients

Saha, Kaushik; Som, Sibendu; Battistoni, Michele; Li, Yanheng; Pomraning, Eric; Senecal, P. K.

doi:10.4271/2016-01-0870

Cited by 52 publications

(34 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…It was found that the variation was very small in the order of 2-3%. No apparent dependance was found on the asymmetry of the nozzle, as expected in previous studies [4,5]. This indicates that the nozzle asymmetry has negligible importance on hole-to-hole variations and if any were found experimentally, it may be due to the manufacturing imperfections in the nozzle.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 85%

“…Therefore, the smallest cell size is 8 times smaller than the base grid, i.e., smallest cell size is 150 µm * 2 −3 = 18.75 µm. According to Moulai et al [5], reasonable predictions were feasible with even a 22.5 µm of minimum grid size.…”

Section: Computational Domainmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…There are several numerical studies on flash boiling for GDI injectors available in the literature [3,4,5,6,7]. Moulai et al [6] used the OpenFOAM ® CFD package to simulate the flash boiling condition by using a velocity boundary condition calculated from the rate of injection (ROI) data from experiments.…”

Section: Internal and Near Nozzle Flow Simulations Of Gasoline Multi-mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Recently, Baldwin et al [7] used the OpenFOAM ® package to simulate the flash boiling under transient needle motion. Other simulation works have used the CONVERGE CFD code and successfully demonstrated its potential to predict flash boiling conditions either at fully opened condition or at different static needle lift positions [3,4,5]. In this work, the CONVERGE CFD package is employed to study the flash boiling phenomenon with transient needle motion.…”

Section: Internal and Near Nozzle Flow Simulations Of Gasoline Multi-mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Internal and Near Nozzle Flow Simulations of Gasoline Multi-Hole Injector (ECN Spray G) with Transient Needle Motion

Mohan¹,

Jaasim²,

Perez³

et al. 2018

Proceedings of the 10th International Symposium on Cavitation (CAV2018)

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In this work, the effect of transient needle motion on gasoline multi-hole injector's internal and near nozzle flow was studied. Spray G nozzle, an eight hole counter-bore injector from the Engine Combustion Network (ECN), was considered as the fluid domain. Simulations considered the effect of turbulence, cavitation, flash-boiling, compressibility and non-condensable gases under transient needle lift. To model the two phase flow inside and outside the nozzle, the Homogeneous Relaxation Model (HRM) coupled with the Volume of Fluid (VOF) approach was used. HRM model is used in this study because it uses an empirical timescale to reproduce a range of vaporizations mechanisms i.e. both cavitation and flash boiling mechanisms. To model turbulence, the RNG k − ε model was used. Simulations were performed with two different boundary conditions for the outlet domain to investigate non-flashing and evaporative (Spray-G) and flashing (Spray-G2) conditions. The simulation results were qualitatively validated against the experimental images and quantitatively against the experimental rate of injection (ROI) profile. The liquid plume angle showed good agreement with that of experimental measurement. The results show that the simulation is capable of capturing the ROI accurately with upstream pressure boundary condition and transient needle lift profile. Furthermore, the results show that the hole-to-hole variation in the total injected mass was not very significant. The simulation was also able to capture the cavitation phenomena inside the nozzles and flash boiling in the near nozzle region.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 85%

Section: Computational Domainmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Internal and Near Nozzle Flow Simulations Of Gasoline Multi-mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Internal and Near Nozzle Flow Simulations Of Gasoline Multi-mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Internal and Near Nozzle Flow Simulations of Gasoline Multi-Hole Injector (ECN Spray G) with Transient Needle Motion

Mohan¹,

Jaasim²,

Perez³

et al. 2018

Proceedings of the 10th International Symposium on Cavitation (CAV2018)

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“…Alternatively, the diffuse interface approach attempts to model the behavior of the interface rather than resolve it. These types of models have been extremely successful in simulating diesel sprays [44,29,50,13,36,17,12], and recently they have been applied to GDI sprays by Moulai et al [23], Saha et al [35,34], and Strek et al [43]. These four works all similarly modeled GDI internal nozzle flow and near field flashing and non-flashing sprays through the spray G Engine Combustion Network (ECN) injector.…”

Section: Literature Review: Computationalmentioning

confidence: 99%

String flash-boiling in gasoline direct injection simulations with transient needle motion

Baldwin

Grover

Parrish

et al. 2016

International Journal of Multiphase Flow

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A computational study was performed to investigate the influence of transient needle motion on gasoline direct injection (GDI) internal nozzle flow and near-field sprays. Simulations were conducted with a compressible Eulerian flow solver modeling liquid, vapor, and non-condensable gas phases with a diffuse interface. Variable rate generation and condensation of fuel vapor were captured using the homogeneous relaxation model (HRM). The non-flashing (spray G) and flashing (spray G2) conditions specified by the Engine Combustion Network were modeled using the nominal spray G nozzle geometry. Transient needle lift and wobble were based upon ensemble averaged X-ray imaging preformed at Argonne National Lab. The minimum needle lift simulated was 5 µm and dynamic mesh motion was achieved with Laplacian smoothing. The results were qualitatively validated against experimental imaging and the experimental rate of injection profile was captured accurately using pressure boundary conditions and needle motion to actuate the injection. Low needle lift is shown to result in vapor generation near the injector seat. Finally, the internal injector flow is shown to be highly complex, containing many transient and interacting vortices which result in perturbations in the spray angle and fluctuations in the mass flux. This complex internal flow also results in intermittent string flash-boiling when a strong vortex is injected and the resulting swirling spray contains a thermal * Corresponding author

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Modeling of Flash Boiling Phenomenon in Internal and Near-Nozzle Flow of Fuel Injectors

Saha

Battistoni

Som

2017

Energy, Environment, and Sustainability

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Numerical Investigation of Two-Phase Flow Evolution of In- and Near-Nozzle Regions of a Gasoline Direct Injection Engine During Needle Transients

Cited by 52 publications

References 26 publications

Internal and Near Nozzle Flow Simulations of Gasoline Multi-Hole Injector (ECN Spray G) with Transient Needle Motion

Internal and Near Nozzle Flow Simulations of Gasoline Multi-Hole Injector (ECN Spray G) with Transient Needle Motion

String flash-boiling in gasoline direct injection simulations with transient needle motion

Modeling of Flash Boiling Phenomenon in Internal and Near-Nozzle Flow of Fuel Injectors

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