Numerical Investigation of a Partially Loaded Supersonic ORC Turbine Stage

Abstract

The Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) represents an emerging technology aimed at exploiting lower temperature heat sources, like waste heat in industrial processes or exhaust heat in combustion engines. One key aspect of this technology is an efficient and economical operation at part load, typically realized by a partial admission control, which is challenging to predict numerically. Full annulus computation can only be avoided applying empirical partial admission loss models to conventional full-admission computations. This article aims at assessing the reliability of such a loss model under real-gas and supersonic conditions as a first step towards knowledge-based improved loss models. Three different operating points of an 18.3 kW ORC turbine working with an ethanol-water mixture with two open stator passages (2 × 36°) are considered. Full annulus CFD computations are compared to experimental data and results of simulations in a conventional, full admission, periodic 72°-sector model with application of a 1D partial admission loss model. The experimentally obtained mass flow rate and efficiency are matched overall within their measurements accuracy. By highest inlet total pressure, the computed efficiency deviates about 4 % from the experiments. Predictions of efficiency based on the full admission and loss model correction deviate from full annulus computations less than 1 %. These findings suggest that the used empirical correlations for partial admission losses can provide acceptable results in the configuration under investigation.

Numerical Analysis of the Effects of Different Rotor Tip Gaps in a Radial Turbine Operating at High Pressure Ratios Reaching Choked Flow

“…To get a deeper insight into the influence of the changes in the tip gap height over the aerodynamic losses withing the rotor, the entropy generation rate per unit volume provides a good estimation of the location and magnitude of the aerodynamic losses. The entropy generation rate is evaluated using the expression of Ziaja et al [61], which is based on the definition of Zhang et al [62] and the work of Moore et al [63], resulting in Equation 8. The first term of the equation accounts for losses due to molecular and turbulent viscous dissipation and the second term estimates irreversible heat flux.…”