Number and polarity of the ependymal cilia in the central canal of some vertebrates

Nakayama, Y; Kohno, Kunio

doi:10.1007/bf01098732

Cited by 28 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…Ciliary basal bodies and rootlets were close to mitochondria, supporting the interpretation that these 9 + 2 specialized cilia are motile (Alfaro‐Cervello et al, ). However, unlike the case in the mouse, the larger central canal of monkeys and humans contained multiciliated cells, consistent with previous work suggesting that larger central canal cavities contain cells with higher number of cilia (Nakayama and Kohno, ). The function of uniciliated and biciliated cells remains unknown, but it is unlikely that they contribute significantly to CSF flow in the context of the many multiciliated cells surrounding them.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

The Adult Macaque Spinal Cord Central Canal Zone Contains Proliferative Cells And Closely Resembles The Human

Alfaro-Cervelló

Cebrián-Silla

Soriano-Navarro

et al. 2014

J of Comparative Neurology

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The persistence of proliferative cells, which could correspond to progenitor populations or potential cells of origin for tumors, has been extensively studied in the adult mammalian forebrain, including human and nonhuman primates. Proliferating cells have been found along the entire ventricular system, including around the central canal, of rodents, but little is known about the primate spinal cord. Here we describe the central canal cellular composition of the Old World primate Macaca fascicularis via scanning and transmission electron microscopy and immunohistochemistry and identify central canal proliferating cells with Ki67 and newly generated cells with bromodeoxyuridine incorporation 3 months after the injection. The central canal is composed of uniciliated, biciliated, and multiciliated ependymal cells, astrocytes, and neurons. Multiciliated ependymal cells show morphological characteristics similar to multiciliated ependymal cells from the lateral ventricles, and uniciliated and biciliated ependymal cells display cilia with large, star-shaped basal bodies, similar to the Ecc cells described for the rodent central canal. Here we show that ependymal cells with one or two cilia, but not multiciliated ependymal cells, proliferate and give rise to new ependymal cells that presumably remain in the macaque central canal. We found that the infant and adult human spinal cord contains ependymal cell types that resemble those present in the macaque. Interestingly, a wide hypocellular layer formed by bundles of intermediate filaments surrounded the central canal both in the monkey and in the human, being more prominent in the stenosed adult human central canal.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

The Adult Macaque Spinal Cord Central Canal Zone Contains Proliferative Cells And Closely Resembles The Human

Alfaro-Cervelló

Cebrián-Silla

Soriano-Navarro

et al. 2014

J of Comparative Neurology

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“…To generate unidirectional flow of CSF (ependymal flow), E1 cells beat their motile cilia in a coordinated manner and with a defined orientation [35, 39]. The basal foot (magenta cone in Fig.…”

Section: Pcp In E1 Cells’ Motile Ciliamentioning

confidence: 99%

Planar Organization of Multiciliated Ependymal (E1) Cells in the Brain Ventricular Epithelium

Ohata

Alvarez-Buylla

2016

Trends in Neurosciences

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Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) continuously flows through the cerebral ventricles, a process essential for brain homeostasis. Multiciliated ependymal (E1) cells line the walls of the ventricles and contribute importantly to CSF flow through ciliary beating. Key to this function is E1 cells’ rotational and translational planar cell polarity (PCP). Defects in E1 cells’ PCP can result in abnormal CSF accumulation and hydrocephalus. Here we integrate recent data on the roles of early CSF flow in the embryonic ventricles, PCP regulators (e.g. Vangl2 and Dishevelled), and cytoskeletal networks in the establishment, refinement, and maintenance of E1 cells’ PCP. E1 cells’ planar organization mechanisms could explain how CSF flow contributes to brain function and may help in the diagnosis and prevention of hydrocephalus.

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“…E2 cells are likely to have important sensory functions that remain to be identified. Ependymal cells with 1–3 cilia have also been described in the central canal where they may also have a sensory function and possibly help propel CSF through this narrow canal [10,11]. In contrast to motile cilia, primary cilia are present in most cells in the brain: neural stem and some choroid plexus cells touching the brain ventricles as well as in neurons and astrocytes within the brain parenchyma [12–16].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Role of primary cilia in brain development and cancer

Han

Alvarez-Buylla

2010

Current Opinion in Neurobiology

141

119

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SummaryThe primary cilium, a hair-like extension from a cell's surface, acts as a sensory organelle to receive signals that regulate cellular behavior and physiology. Like most mammalian cells, neural progenitors and neurons have primary cilia. Recent studies show that this tiny projection plays important roles in brain development and diseases. Ciliary mutant mice show defects in brain patterning, progenitor proliferation, and specification of adult neural stem cells. Primary cilia also have dual opposing functions in the development of brain tumors. Ciliary defects are associated with genetic syndromes that frequently have neurological symptoms. Understanding the multifaceted roles that primary cilia have in brain development will provide important insights into the mechanism of brain development and diseases.

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Number and polarity of the ependymal cilia in the central canal of some vertebrates

Cited by 28 publications

References 11 publications

The Adult Macaque Spinal Cord Central Canal Zone Contains Proliferative Cells And Closely Resembles The Human

The Adult Macaque Spinal Cord Central Canal Zone Contains Proliferative Cells And Closely Resembles The Human

Planar Organization of Multiciliated Ependymal (E1) Cells in the Brain Ventricular Epithelium

Role of primary cilia in brain development and cancer

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